1. Downscaling for the World of Water NCPP Workshop Quantitative Evaluation of Downscaling 12-16 August, 2013 Boulder, CO E.P. Maurer Santa Clara University, Civil Engineering Dept.

2. Extending hydrology to include climate change seems easy…

3. Estimating Climate Impacts to Water 1. GHG Emissions Scenario Adapted from Cayan and Knowles, SCRIPPS/USGS, 2003 2. Global Climate Model 4. Land surface (Hydrology) Model 3.“Downscaling” 5. Operations/impacts Models

4. Downscaling: bringing global signals to regional scale GCM scale and processes at too coarse a scale Resolved by:  Bias Correction  Spatial Downscaling Figure: Wilks, 1995

5. IPCC CMIP3 GCM Simulations  20 th century through 2100 and beyond  >20 GCMs  Multiple Future Emissions Scenarios http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/

6. Impact Probabilities for Planning Snow water equivalent on April 1, mm Point at: 120ºW, 38ºN 2/3 chance that loss will be at least 40% by mid century, 70% by end of century Combine many future scenarios, models, since we don’t know which path we’ll follow (22 futures here) Choose appropriate level of risk

7. Incorporating probabilistic projections into water planning Overdesign for present Can represent declining return periods for extreme events Mailhot and Sophie Duchesne, JWRPM, 2010 Das et al, 2012

8. Demand for downscaled data

9. Monthly downscaled data PCMDI CMIP3 archive of global projections 16 GCMs, 3 Emissions 112 GCM runs Allows quick analysis of multi-model ensembles gdo4.ucllnl.org/downscaled _cmip3_projections

10. Use of U.S. Data Archive Thousands of users downloaded >20 TB of data Uses for Research (R), Management & Planning (MP), Education (E)

11. Downscaling for Extreme Events Some impacts due to changes at short time scales –Heat waves –Flood events Daily GCM output limited for CMIP3, more plentiful for CMIP5 Downscaling adapted for modeling extremes

12. Archive expansion Daily downscaled data (BCCA) Hydrology model output CMIP5

13. What was missing from the archive?

14. Online Analysis and Download with http://ClimateWizard.org Global and US data sets Country and US state boundaries defined Spatial and time series analysis Ensemble quick view Upload of custom shapefiles Girvetz et al., PLoS, 2009

15. http://ClimateKnowledgePortal.ClimateWizard.org

17. Information Overload (practitioner’s dilemma) Little guidance in selection of: Emissions GCMs Downscaling methods Hundreds of downscaled GCM runs Many impacts studies cannot use all of them How much information is really useful?

18. Selecting 4 Specific GCM Runs Bivariate probability plot shows correlation between  T,  P Identify Change Range: 10 to 90 %-tile  T,  P Select bounds based on: risk attitude interest in breadth of changes number of simulations desired Brekke et al., 2009

19. Selecting GCMs for Impact Studies Ensemble mean provides better skill Little advantage to weighting GCMs according to skill Most important to have “ensembles of runs with enough realizations to reduce the effects of natural internal climate variability” [Pierce et al., 2009] Maybe 10-14 GCMs is enough? Brekke et al., 2008 Gleckler, Taylor, and Doutriaux, Journal of Geophysical Research (2008) as adapted by B. Santer

20. Discard CMIP3 in favor of CMIP5? Ensemble average changes comparable RCP8.5 and SRES A2 comparable

21. Is BCSD method valid? At each grid cell for “training” period, develop monthly CDFs of P, T for –GCM –Observations (aggregated to GCM scale) –Obs are from Maurer et al. [2002] Wood et al., BAMS 2006 Use quantile mapping to ensure monthly statistics (at GCM scale) match obs Apply same quantile mapping to “projected” period

22. Are biases time-invariant? Biases vary in time, space, at quantiles R index: compares size of bias variability to average GCM bias

23. Time-invariant enough… On average, time-invariant enough where bias correction works But for small ensembles maybe not (locations where biases vary with time differ for GCMs)

24. Bias correction changes trends! Changes in mean annual precipitation: 1970-1999 to 2040-2069 Similar effect in CMIP3 and CMIP5 Some more intense wettening in Rockies for CMIP5 Raw GCM Bias Corrected

25. What happens? Contrived Example (Precipitation): Gamma distributions asymmetry Obs: mean=30 GCM Historic has −30% bias in SD GCM future has +40% change in mean

26. What is effect of trend/shift? Quantile mapping changes shift in mean +40% becomes +56% -40% becomes -39% 5% decrease changes to ~2% increase

27. But is changing the trend bad? estimated change in precip from 1916-1945 and 1976- 2005. Where index is >1 BC worsens Ensemble avg shows trend modification not consistently bad. Ensemble Avg

28. Challenges in providing downscaled data for water-resources community With >500 projections at 1 archive (of many), need to provide users with better information for: –Selecting concentration pathways –Assembling an ensemble of GCMs –Using data downscaled appropriately –Interpreting results with uncertainty Despite known issues with every step, useful information can produced by this process. Bottom line for data users: Use an ensemble. Don’t worry. Revisions happen.

30. Global BCSD Similar to US archive, but ½-degree Publicly available since 2009 Captures variability among GCMs www.engr.scu.edu/~emaurer/global_data/ Data accessed by users in all 50 States and 99 countries (11 months only) Source: Girvetz et al, PloS, 2009 A1B Scenario Visits from 3 Nov 2011 to 27 Sep 2012