1. Disco Running Commodity Operating Systems on Scalable Multiprocessors Presented by Petar Bujosevic 05/17/2005 Paper by Edouard Bugnion, Scott Devine, and Mendel Rosenblum

2. 2/22 Introduction More scalable systems on the market System software trailing hardware Development resource intensive Idea: insert an additional layer of software between OS and HW FLASH microprocessor on ccNUMA Multiple copies of commodity OSes across the layer

3. 3/22 Problem Description Innovative hardware (scalable shared memory multiprocessors) Requires significant changes to system software to support hardware advantages High cost, large system SW requires long development time, powerful SW companies ”Impediment to innovation”HW vs. SW – ”Impediment to innovation” Challenges: Overhead, Resource management, Sharing/Communication

4. 4/22 Virtual Machine Monitors ● Run operating systems efficiently on scalable multi-processor systems ● Insert additional layer of software between HW and OS ● Reduce overhead associated with layer ● Small implementation effort with no major changes to the OS ● Virtual machines as units of HW fault containment ● Monitor handles all the NUMA related issues so that UMA OSes do not need to be made aware of non-uniformity ● Challenges ● Overhead ● Overhead - due to memory replication in each VM ● Resource management ● Resource management - decisions w/out high-level knowledge ● Communication and sharing ● Communication and sharing - interoperating in distributed env. Independent stand-alone systems that simply happened to be sharing same hardware

5. 5/22 Disco Architecture ● Virtual machine is assigned resources by Disco which manages a pool of processing elements/memory resources ● Decouple Operating System from machine hardware. ● OS runs on virtual machine

6. 6/22 Disco Implementation Disco emulates the MMU and the trap architecture, allowing unmodified applications and OSes to run on the VM Frequently used kernel operations can be optimized. For instance interrupt disabling is done by the OSes by load and storing to special addresses All I/O devices are virtualized, including network connections and disks, and all access to them must pass through Disco to be translated or emulated.

7. 7/22 Disco Implementation Managing resources Managing resources Virtual CPUs Virtual Physical Memory Advanced Hardware (NUMA) Virtual I/O devices Virtual Network interfaces

8. 8/22 Virtual CPUs Schedules virtual machine/CPU as task Sets registers to virtual machine registers and runs the task directly Controlled (supervised) access to memory

9. 9/22 Virtual Physical Memory Disco maintains a physical-to-machine address mapping. machine addresses are FLASH’s 40 bit addresses

10. 10/22 Virtual Physical Memory When a heavy weight OS tries to update the TLB, Disco steps in and applies the physical- to-machine translation. Subsequent memory accesses then can go straight thru the TLB Each VM has an associated pmap in the monitor pmap also has a back pointer to its virtual address to help invalidate mappings in the TLB

11. 11/22 Virtual Physical Memory MIPS has a tagged TLB, called address space identifier (ASID). ASIDs are not virtualized, so TLB must be flushed on VM context switches 2 nd level software TLB?

12. 12/22 NUMA Management Cache misses are served faster from local memory rather than remote memory Read and read-shared pages are migrated to all nodes that frequently access them Write-shared are not, since maintaining consistency requires remote access anyway Migration and replacement policy is driven by cache miss counting

13. 13/22 NUMA Management memmap tracks which virtual page references each physical page. Used during TLB shootdown

14. 14/22 Virtual I/O Devices all device accesses are intercepted by the monitor disk reads can be serviced by monitor and if request size is a multiple of the machine page size, monitor only has to remap machine pages into the VM physical memory address space. pages are read-only and will generate a copy-on-write fault if written to

15. 15/22 Virtual Network Interface Communication between virtual machines by accessing data in shared cache Avoid duplication of data Use sharing whenever possible Affects data locality Transparent Sharing of Pages over NFS

16. 16/22 IRIX, HAL changes Minor changes to kernel code and data segment (unique to MIPS architecture) Disco uses original device drivers Added code to HAL to pass hints to monitor in physical memory Request zeroed page, unused memory reclamation Change in mbuf freelist data structure Call to bcopy, remap function in HAL

17. 17/22 SPLASHOS Thin OS, supported directly by Disco (no need for virtual memory subsystem) Used for parallel scientific applications

18. 18/22 Experiments Setup and Workloads Execution Overheads Memory Overheads Scalability Dynamic Page Migration and Replication

19. 19/22 Related Work System Software for Scalable Shared Memory Machines Virtual Machine Monitors Other System Software Structuring Techniques ccNUMA Memory Management

20. 20/22 Conclusion Developing system software for scalable shared memory multiprocessors without huge development effort Adding a layer level between commodity OSes and raw HW Disco resolves problems of traditional virtual machines Global buffer cache transparently shared across all virtual machines Low / modest overhead Scalability and reliability Low implementation cost

21. 21/22 Deficiencies Hardware failure analysis Larger vs. smaller number of processors Virtual Physical Memory on architectures other than MIPS

22. 22/22 References Disco: Running Commodity Operating Systems on Scalable Multiprocessors, by Edouard Bugnion, Scott Devine, and Mendel Rosenblum, 1997 Modern Operating Systems, Second Edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 2001 http://www-flash.stanford.edu/Disco http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~walpole/class/cs533/slides/151.ppt, Jeremy Greenwald, 2005 http://www.core.org.cn/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6- 828Fall2003/LectureNotes/detail/virtual_machines-.htm http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~dusseau/Classes/CS736/CS736-S02/ReadingQuestions/Disco.html http://www.cs.northwestern.edu/ ~fabianb/classes/cs-443-s05/Disco.pps http://www.cs.washington.edu/sosp16/ http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~zf/cs262a/summary34.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel