1. The Soviet Era

2. KARL MARX

3. The Russian Revolution  On what came to be known as “Bloody Sunday”, 1905-Nicholas II fires on protesters sparking revolution n In March of 1917-Nicholas II is forced to abdicate the throne. n A temporary provisional government was set up as a democracy under Alexander Kerensky n The Soviets (or councils) will rule Russia n Lenin promises Peace, Land and Bread n Kerensky continues WWI effort and not reform n Peasants demand land, city dwellers want end to shortages n Lenin’s goal: Proletariat to overthrow capitalism

4. BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION 1917 Red Guard (armed factory workers) & sailors attack & overthrow provisional gov. Lenin proclaims a Socialist State Private land is confiscated & given to peasants Workers given control of mines and factories New Flag: Hammer & Sickle –union of workers and peasants Bolsheviks will be renamed communists Withdraws from WWI

5. CIVIL WAR  Civil War between “REDS” (Communiusts) and Whites (counterrevolutionaries) made up of tsarist imperial officers  Allies support Whites to overthrow Communists in hope of their support in WWI against Germany  Reds appeal to nationalism & urge Russians to throw out foreigners  Allied invasion fed Communist distrust of West  1918 Czar Nicholas II & family shot  Red Army (Communists) won & control Russia

6. How did two revolutions and a civil war bring about Communist control of Russia? Using your text, class notes explain the following essay. Be sure to include facts and examples to support your essay.

7. WAR COMMUNISM  Communists use terror to control people  Cheka-Secret police executed those against the revolution –instituted forced labor camps  War Communism  Lands, banks, mines, factories and railroads taken over  Peasants forced to give crops to feed army 7 city people  Peasants forced into military & factories  Lenin unites old Russian Empire into Soviet Union (USSR) & rebuilds

8. LENIN BUILDS THE SOVIET UNION n Constitution both democratic and socialist n Elected legislature n 18 & older can vote n Means of production & resources, political power belong to workers & peasants n Reality-Communist party reigned supreme n Lenin’s economic policies fail n Mine output drops, peasants stop producing grain

9. LENIN’S NEW ECONOMIC POLICY n Lenin institutes NEP n Allows some capitalism n Small businesses allowed n State controls banks, trade, & large businesses n Gov. stops taking grains from peasants-they sell for profit n This helps economy recover n Ends armed resistance to new gov. n Food & industrial production grow

10. LENIN’S DEATH  Lenin’s death brings power struggle among communists  Trotsky – Marxist-Bolshevik Revolution-favors worldwide revolution against capitalism  Stalin – Focus on socialism in USSR  Trotsky flees USSR  Stalin had him killed in Mexico  Stalin becomes dictator of Soviet Union & turns it into a totalitarian state

11. Joseph Stalin/Man of Steel

12. STALIN’S FIVE-YEAR PLANS  Does away with Lenin’s NEP  Takes complete control of economy  1 st Five Year Plan- Focus: building heavy industry, improving transportation, increasing farm output  Gov. owns all businesses and resources  Command Economy-Gov. officials make all economic decisions – put quotas into effect  Standard of living remains low, shortage of consumer products – clothes, cars household items  Large quotas force production of inferior products  Forces Collectivation-large government run by peasants  Kulaks-(wealthy farmers)resist – Stalin does away with the class – Brings on Terror Famine

13. STALIN’S MEANS OF CONTROL n Used terror against his people n Gulag-brutal labor camps n Great Purge –Stalin does away with all who he fears are working against him n Many talented people killed-many military leaders (80%), scientists, economists, engineers n Works against him in WWII n Tries to lift morale with propaganda n Russification- forced Russian Culture on all

14. The Big Three-Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin

15. Nikita Khrushchev

16. The Cuban Missile Crisis n Lenin n Stalin n Khrushchev

19. John F. Kennedy

20. Mikhail Gorbachev: Last President of the USSR