4. GENERAL OBJECTIVES : The students understands about structure and position of the bones which formed the limbs and they articulations

5. Specific Objectives : The Students are know about : Structure, location and content of bones of the thoracic appendage Structure, location and content of bones of the thoracic appendage Structure, location and content of bones of the pelvic limb Structure, location and content of bones of the pelvic limb Articulation at the thoracic and pelvic limb Articulation at the thoracic and pelvic limb

6. The Skeleton may be divided primarily into three parts :  THE AXIAL SKELETON; comprises the vertebral column, ribs, sternum and skull.  THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON; incudes the bones of the limbs.  THE VISCERAL or SPLECHNIC SKELETON; consits of certain bones developed in the substance of some of the viscera or soft organs, e.g. os penis of the dog and os cordis of the ox

7. OSSA APPENDICULARIS  BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB = OSSA MEMBRI THORACICI (EXTREMITAS CRANIALIS)  BONES OF THE PELVIC LIMB = OSSA MEMBRI PELVINA (EXTREMITAS CAUDALIS)

8. BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB

9. The thoracic limb of animals are composed of four chief segments : THE THORACIC GIRDLE REGIO CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACICI REGIO CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACICI OS. SCAPULA OS. CORACOIDEUS OS. CLAVICULA

10. The thoracic girdle attaches the forelimb to the body and is incomplete in domestic mamals. A complete pectoral girdle consists a scapula, coracoids and clavicles Climbing and burrowing mamals usually posess a scapula and clavicle, coursing and grazing mamals usually posess a scapula only. All three pairs of bones of the thoracic girdle are seen in birds and reptiles.

11. THE ARM REGIO BRACHII REGIO BRACHII OS HUMERUS

12. THE FOREARM REGIO ANTEBRACHII REGIO ANTEBRACHII OS RADIUSOS ULNA

13. THE MANUS REGIO MANUS REGIO MANUS OSSA CARPI OS METACARPI OSSA PHALANX OSSA SESSAMOIDEA

14. OS SCAPULA (facies lateralis) SPINA SCAPULA SPINA SCAPULA TUBER SPINA THE HORSE FOSSA SUPRASPINATA FOSSA INFRASPINATA COLLUM SCAPULA

15. CARTILAGO SCAPULA ANGULUS CAUDALIS ANGULUS CRANIALIS ANGULUS GLENOIDALES

17. DISTAL OS SCAPULA TUBERCULUM SUPRAGLENOIDEUS TUBERCULUM SUPRAGLENOIDEUS PROCESSUS CORACOIDEUS INCISSURA GLENOIDALES INCISSURA GLENOIDALES CAVITAS GLENOIDALES

18. OS HUMERUS  EXTREMITAS PROXIMALIS  CORPUS  EXTREMITAS DISTALIS

19. EXTREMITAS PROXIMAL HUMERUS (DORSAL VIEW) CAPUT HUMERI CAPUT HUMERI TUBERCULUM MAJOR TUBERCULUM MAJOR TUBERCULUM MINOR TUBERCULUM INTERMEDIUS TUBERCULUM INTERMEDIUS

20. The comparative of the proximal extremity of the horse and the cattle

21. Proximal Extremity Ruminant Lateral tuberosity is very large, and rises abour 3 cm proximal to the level of the head, forming the point of the shoulder. Lateral tuberosity is very large, and rises abour 3 cm proximal to the level of the head, forming the point of the shoulder. Its cranial part curves medially over the intertuberal groove, and distal to it laterally there is a prominent circular rough area for the insertion of the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle. Its cranial part curves medially over the intertuberal groove, and distal to it laterally there is a prominent circular rough area for the insertion of the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle.

22. CORPUS HUMERI (horse) SULCUS BRACHIALIS SULCUS BRACHIALIS TUBEROSITAS DELTOIDEUS TUBEROSITAS DELTOIDEUS

23. CORPUS HUMERI KUDA TUBEROSITAS TERES MAJOR TUBEROSITAS TERES MAJOR

24. EXTREMITAS CAUDALIS OS HUMERUS CAPITULUM TROCHLEA FOSSA OLECRANON

25. EXTREMITAS CAUDALIS OS HUMERUS EPICONDYLUS MEDIALIS EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS CRISTA EPICONDYLOIDEA LATERALIS P.T.O. EXTENSOR

26. FOSSA RADIALIS FOSSA RADIALIS FOSSA OLECRANON EXTREMITAS CAUDALIS OS HUMERUS KUDA

27. VARIASI CONDYLUS HUMERUS KUDA & SAPI

30. OS RADIUS & OS ULNA OS ULNA OS RADIUS

31. FOVEA CAPITULARIS OS RADIUS TROCHLEA RADIALIS CORPUS OS RADIUS

32. OS ULNA KUDA OLECRANON SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII PROC. ANCONEUS INCISURA SEMILUNARIS

33. OS ULNA SAPI SPATIUM INTEROSSEUS ANTEBRACHII

34. OS ULNA SAPI PROCESSUS STYLOIDEUS LATERALIS

35. OSSA CARPALES The capus consists of a group of six to eight bones, depending on the species of animal. The capus consists of a group of six to eight bones, depending on the species of animal. The bones arranged in two rows, proximal and distal. The bones arranged in two rows, proximal and distal.

36. OSSA CARPALES HEWANOC-ROC-IOC-UOC-AIIIIIIIV Kuda7 – 8+++++/0+++ Sapi/ domba 6++++0- bersatu -+ Babi8++++++++ Anjing7- bersatu -++++++

38. The accessory carpal bone is situated to palmar to the ulnar carpal bone and the lateral part of the trochlea of the radius. It is discoid and the medial surface is form the lateral wall of the carpal groove (canalis carpalis).

39. OSSA METACARPAL FACIES ARTICULARIS CORPUS MC TROCHLEA MC IV III II

40. OSSA METACARPAL IIIIV SLD SLV V INCISSURA INTERTROCHLEARIS

41. OSSA DIGITORUM MANUS COMPEDALE CORONALE UNGULARE

42. OSSA DIGITORUM MANUS OSSA SESAMOIDEA PROXIMALIS OSSA SESAMOIDEA DISTALIS

44. FORAMEN SUPRATROCHLEARIS at the dog

45. TUBEROSITAS TERES MAJOR Middle of the medial surface of the shaft is a small roughened, which the conjoined tendon of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles is atteched.

46. SULCUS BRACHIALIS  = SULCUS MUSCULOSPIRALIS  The lateral surface is smooth and is spirally curved, which contains the brachialis muscles.  RUMINANSIA, KARNIVORA and PIG is shallow.

47. TUBEROSITAS DELTOIDEUS Cranial surface and lateral surface are separated by a distinct border, the crest of the humerus, which bears proximal to its middle the deltoid tuberosity, to which the deltoideus muscle inserts.

48. CAPUT HUMERI The head presents an almost circular convex articular surface, which is about twice as extensive as the glenoid cavity of the scapula, with which it articulates and IT IS POSITION AT THE CAUDAL of the proximal extremity.

49. TUBERCULUM HUMERI  The greater tubercle = tuberculum major (lateral tuberosity) is placed craniolaterally  The lesser tubercle = tuberculum minor (medial tuberosity) is placed craniomedially  The intertuberal or bicipital groove is bounded by the cranial parts of both tubercles, and is subdivided by and intermediate tubercle or ridge.

50. TUBERCULUM INTERMEDIUS  The third tubercle at median  Look clearly at horse, but we can see clear at ruminantia, carnivora and pig  This tubercle divided from major et minor by the groove, SULCUS BICIPITIS or SULCUS INTERTUBELARIS  The groove, in fresh, lodges the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle. 

51. PROCESSUS SUPRAHAMATUS ACROMION COW CAT

52. SPINA SCAPULARIS  Spine of the scapula divided the lateral surface of scapula into two fossa  The acormion, a projecting mass of bone located on the distal end of the spina of the scapula, is not found in the horse but is present in the cow and other animals.  The acromion of the cat is rounded and called processus suprahammatus

53. Only the horse

54. THE SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE = TUBER SCAPULAE THE SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE = TUBER SCAPULAE THE SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE FORMS THE POINT OF THE SHOULDER IN THE HORSE THE SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE FORMS THE POINT OF THE SHOULDER IN THE HORSE PROJECTING FROM ITS MEDIAL SIDE IS CORACOID PROCESS PROJECTING FROM ITS MEDIAL SIDE IS CORACOID PROCESS