1. CHAPTER 10BIODIVERSITY NATURE’S MEDICINE CABINET CHAPTER 10 BIODIVERSITY NATURE’S MEDICINE CABINET Will the bark of an ordinary tree in Samoa become a cure for cancer?

2. NATURE’S MEDICINE CABINET Will the bark of an ordinary tree in Samoa become a cure for cancer?10 Biodiversity on our planet is our greatest asset. Within this diverse collection of plants, animals, and other organisms, we have the power to provide food for a rapidly growing population, find cures for disease, and insure our economic survival. Main Concept There are many compelling reasons to protect species.

3. 10 At the end of this chapter you will know: The importance of biodiversity as a critical component of ecosystem function. Taxonomy is how we organize information about the organisms on the planet. Why specific areas around the world are classified as biological hotspots and how they can be protected. Learning Outcomes NATURE’S MEDICINE CABINET Will the bark of an ordinary tree in Samoa become a cure for cancer?

4. 10 Case study: Dr. Paul Cox, a plant physiologist, and his family moved to the Samoan rainforest in hopes of finding a cure for cancer among the many plants in this lush, tropical area. NATURE’S MEDICINE CABINET Will the bark of an ordinary tree in Samoa become a cure for cancer?

5. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Tropical regions around the world hold extremely high concentrations and varieties of plants. In addition to species and genetic diversity, these areas have many communities and ecosystems within a variety of habitats and trophic levels. The particular area where the Cox family settled had especially high ecological diversity. Biodiversity includes genetic variation, much variety of plant species, and many different community interactions.

6. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Tropical regions around the world hold extremely high concentrations and varieties of plants. In addition to species and genetic diversity, these areas have many communities and ecosystems within a variety of habitats and trophic levels. The particular area where the Cox family settled had especially high ecological diversity. Biodiversity includes genetic variation, much variety of plant species, and many different community interactions.

7. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Tropical regions around the world hold extremely high concentrations and varieties of plants. In addition to species and genetic diversity, these areas have many communities and ecosystems within a variety of habitats and trophic levels. The particular area where the Cox family settled had especially high ecological diversity. Biodiversity includes genetic variation, much variety of plant species, and many different community interactions.

8. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Tropical regions around the world hold extremely high concentrations and varieties of plants. In addition to species and genetic diversity, these areas have many communities and ecosystems within a variety of habitats and trophic levels. The particular area where the Cox family settled had especially high ecological diversity. Biodiversity includes genetic variation, much variety of plant species, and many different community interactions.

9. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Tropical regions are warm, lush, and close to the equator. It’s this combination of environmental factors that gives areas like Samoa the greatest diversity on Earth. Diversity is found in the number of species, genetic diversity, and also in ecological diversity, or the wide variety of communities and ecosystems. Why did Dr. Cox choose Somoa to search for a cancer cure?

10. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Tropical regions are warm, lush, and close to the equator. It’s this combination of environmental factors that gives areas like Samoa the greatest diversity on Earth. Diversity is found in the number of species, genetic diversity, and also in ecological diversity, or the wide variety of communities and ecosystems. Bacteria – 7643 species known Roundworms – 23,000 Vertebrates – 61,995 Fungi – 98,998 Arachnids – 102,248 Why did Dr. Cox choose Somoa to search for a cancer cure?

11. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Tropical regions are warm, lush, and close to the equator. It’s this combination of environmental factors that gives areas like Samoa the greatest diversity on Earth. Diversity is found in the number of species, genetic diversity, and also in ecological diversity, or the wide variety of communities and ecosystems. Why did Dr. Cox choose Somoa to search for a cancer cure? Plants Plants – 310,129 species known, 390,800 estimated Insects Insects – 1 million species known, 9 million estimated

12. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10

13. 10 With diversity comes ecosystem service – Beyond providing goods, nature is a machine supporting everything we do, from providing the oxygen we need for survival to cleaning up our waste with filtering mechanisms. Photosynthesis – Converting light energy to the chemical energy that can be stored and used by living organisms. Nutrient cycling – Using the organic and inorganic materials from dead and decomposing organisms to support new life. Population control – Competition and predation maintain a balance of organisms while helping maintain diversity. Pollination – Insects, birds, mammals, and other organisms provide a mechanism for distribution of critical genetic diversity and generation of grasses, herbs, and other plants.

14. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Natural spaces and nature’s services also provide cultural, economic, and social value.

15. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Natural spaces and nature’s services also provide cultural, economic, and social value.

16. Biodiversity benefits humans and other species10 Traditional healers use medicine derived from plants and insects to treat and cure disease. Like family recipes, these natural remedies are passed down through generations and learned through apprenticeships.

17. Plants gain medicinal qualities as they adapt to other species10 Mamala tree – Source of anti-HIV drug candiate prostratin

18. Plants gain medicinal qualities as they adapt to other species10 Chemical weapons in plants have evolved over millions of years as relationships between plants, animals, and insects have been forged. These chemical weapons were once the primary form of healthcare and inspiration for new drugs. Western medicine has often replaced natural sources and inspiration for medicines with pharmacology and lab-based chemistry. Still, nature holds a few secrets that our best science has never been able to uncover. Botanists setting up protective fencing around the last specimen of Delissea undulata found in the wild. The loss of habitat from conversion for livestock has been among the largest factors resulting in the loss of this species. For photos and information about Delissea undulata: http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/cpc_viewpr ofile.asp?cpcnum=8438

19. Loss of potentially life-saving drugs that have evolved over millions of years as species become extinct Plants gain medicinal qualities as they adapt to other species Polynesia-Micronesia: 3074 endemic plants, 99 threatened species, 43 extinct species Biodiversity Hotspots 10

20. Loss of potentially life-saving drugs that have evolved over millions of years as species become extinct Plants gain medicinal qualities as they adapt to other species Tropical Andes: 15,000 endemic plants, 487 threatened species, 2 extinct species Biodiversity Hotspots 10

21. Loss of potentially life-saving drugs that have evolved over millions of years as species become extinct Plants gain medicinal qualities as they adapt to other species Guinean forests: 1800 endemic plants, 115 threatened species, 0 extinct species Biodiversity Hotspots 10

22. Loss of potentially life-saving drugs that have evolved over millions of years as species become extinct Plants gain medicinal qualities as they adapt to other species Indo-Malayan Archipelago: 15,000 endemic plants, 162 threatened species, 4 extinct species Biodiversity Hotspots 10

23. Plants gain medicinal qualities as they adapt to other species10

24. Biodiversity is proving invaluable in the search for cures10 Plant physiologist, Dr. David Cox “There is a strong link between the health of forests and the health of humans. If people understand that a rainforest might contain the best cures for diseases that plague us, they will care a whole lot more about saving it.”

25. PERSONAL CHOICES THAT HELP10

26. UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE10

27. 10

28. ANALYZING THE SCIENCE10

29. EVALUATING NEW INFORMATION10

30. MAKING CONNECTIONS10