1. Study of deactivation and regeneration of titanium silicalite-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
Reporter: Sun Rui
Supervisor: Xin Feng

2. Ideas and expectations
Study of deactivation and regeneration of titanium silicalite-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
Introduction
Reasons for titanium silicalite-1 catalyst deactivation in cyclohexanone ammoximation
Regeneration of titanium silicalite-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
Ideas and expectations
Tianjin University

3. Fig.1-1 (ring)oxidation reaction on titanium silicalite-1
1. Introduction
1.1 TS-1 is a ZSM-5 like zeolite, not containing aluminium, where a part of silicon is statistically substituted with titanium. The use of this catalyst allows to obtain an high selectivity and conversion.
Fig.1-1 (ring)oxidation reaction on titanium silicalite-1
Tianjin University

4. 1. Introduction The advantages of TS-1:
1. Reaction conditions can be carried out under low temperature and pressure;
2. Good product yield and selectivity;
3. Simple process;
4. Low concentration of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant;
5. Without pollution
1.2 Cyclohexanone oxime is an important intermediate in chemical industry, particularly as a key precursor of ε -caprolactam for nylon production.
In 1988, Enichem developed a new process for producing cyclohexanone oxime from ammoximation of cyclohexanone catalyzed by TS-1. Ammonia and hydrogen peroxide were used as the raw materials.
Tianjin University

5. Fig. 1-2 Enichem’s ammoximation process of cyclohexanone oxime
1. Introduction
Fig. 1-2 Enichem’s ammoximation process of cyclohexanone oxime
Tianjin University

6. 2. TS-1 catalyst deactivation in cyclohexanone ammoximation
Fig.2-1 （l ）a，（Z ）X（CHN），（3 ）X（H2O2）,（4 ）S（H2O2）
（Reaction conditions ：n（CHN）: n（NH3）: n（H2O2）= 1: 1.5: 1.2.
a- TS-l activity X - Conversion ，S -Selectivity ，CHN -cyclohexanone ）
Tianjin University

7. Table. 2-1 Dissolution effect of ammonia on TS-1
2. TS-1 catalyst deactivation in cyclohexanone ammoximation
Three main deactivation processes are identified:
(i) Slow dissolution of the framework with accumulation of Ti
on the external of the remaining solid;
(ii) Direct removal of Ti from the framework;
(iii) Pore filling by by-products
2.1 The dissolution erosion of TS-1 in cyclohexanone ammoximation
2.1.1 The effect of ammonia
Table. 2-1 Dissolution effect of ammonia on TS-1
Tianjin University

8. 2.1 The dissolution erosion of TS-1
Fig. 2-2 Raman spectra of fresh and ammonia treatment catalyst samples
Fig. 2-3 Raman spectra of fresh catalyst and samples after 350h
Tianjin University

9. Table 2-4. Effect of additives on the TS-1 catalyst
2.1 The dissolution erosion of TS-1
2.1.2 Inhibition of silicon in the TS-1 dissolved
Table 2-4. Effect of additives on the TS-1 catalyst
2.1.3 Conclusions
(i) Ammonia was the primary factor leading to deactivation of the catalyst.
(ii) The study proved that the dissolution erosion of silicon in the basic solution was connected with the solution polarity and ammonia concentration. Adding an additive into the solution could inhibit the dissolution erosion of silicon from the catalyst , and the stable running period of the catalyst was prolonged.
Tianjin University

10. (The main reason) 2.2.1 Characterization of TS-1 catalyst deactivation
2. 2 Coke deposition on TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
2.2 Coke deposition on TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
(The main reason)
2.2.1 Characterization of TS-1 catalyst deactivation
Fig.2-4 TG-DTA chart of deactivated TS-1
Tianjin University

11. 2.2.1 Characterization of TS-1 catalyst deactivation
2. 2 Coke deposition on TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
2.2 Coke deposition on TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
2.2.1 Characterization of TS-1 catalyst deactivation
Fig.2-5 In situ IR spectra of TPO coke combustion of deactivated TS-1
a 40℃; b 60℃; c 80℃; d 100℃; e 120℃; f 150℃;
g 200℃; h 300℃; i 400℃; j 500℃; k 600℃; m 700℃
Tianjin University

12. 2.2.1 Characterization of TS-1 catalyst deactivation
2. 2 Coke deposition on TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
2.2 Coke deposition on TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
2.2.1 Characterization of TS-1 catalyst deactivation
Fig.2-6 IR spectra of framework stretching region of TS-1 before and after deavtivation
a fresh; b deactivation
c regeneratation at 350℃;d regeneration at 700℃
Fig.2-7 XRD patterns of TS-1 before and after deavtivation
a fresh; b deactivation
c regeneratation at 350℃;d regeneration at 700℃
Tianjin University

13. Fig.2-8 GC-MS total ion current spectrum of dissoluble deposit
2. 2 Coke deposition on TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
2.2 Coke deposition on TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
2.2.2 GC-MS analysis
Fig.2-8 GC-MS total ion current spectrum of dissoluble deposit
Tianjin University

14. Regeneration methods of TS-1
3. Regeneration of TS-1 catalyst in cyclohexanone ammoximation
Regeneration methods of TS-1
(i) Oxidation of catalyst by in situ hydrogen peroxide
(ii) Solvent extraction
(iii) Calcination
The main regenieration method of TS-1
A deactivated catalyst is treated in an acidic solution having a pH value of <=3, and then dried and calcined. The process is simple in procedure and can make the catalytic activity, selectivity and stability of the regenerated catalyst be recovered to the level of its fresh catalyst.
Tianjin University

15. 4. Ideas and expectations
(i) Have a deeper understanding of the continuous cyclohexanone ammoximation reaction and the TS-1 monolithic catalyst.
(ii) Look for the properties of substances in the reaction systems, respectively. Try to find new ways to separate more cyclohexanone-oxime from the reaction system. Electro-deposition for example.
(iii) Think about the method of regenerating TS-1 catalyst by using hydrogen peroxide or solvent washing combined with the technology
(iiii)Try to prove the main reason that causes the TS-1 catalyst to deactivate is cyclohexanone-oxime
Tianjin University

16. Thank You !