1. 10.4, 10.5 and 12

2. 10.4 KEY CONCEPT Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many sources.

3. The study of geography provides evidence of evolution.
island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species
populations can show variation from one island to another

4. Embryology provides evidence of evolution.
similar embryos, diverse organisms
Embryos of vertebrates can be hard to tell apart.
GUESS THE HUMAN EMBRYO!

6. The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution.
Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function.
Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor.

7. Analogous structures have a similar function.
Human hand
Bat wing
Mole foot
Fly wing
Analogous structures are not evidence of a common ancestor. This is called convergent evolution.

9. Homologous or Analogous?

10. Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor.
Ostrich wings are examples of vestigial structures.

13. Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence.
Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.
(Hooved animals)

14. Fossils Fossils are physical remains of previous life.
This includes both impressions and physical structural remains of once living organisms.
Examples include: Dinosaur bones, leaf impressions, DNA remains in soil, and mummified animals.

15. Fossils provide a record of evolution.
Paleontology is the study of fossils or extinct organisms.

16. Paleontology provides evidence to support evolution.

17. Index fossils are tool used to determine the age of rock layers.
Index fossils can provide the relative age of a rock layer.
existed only during specific spans of time
occurred in large geographic areas
Index fossils include fusulinids and trilobites.

18. Relative dating estimates the time during which an organism lived.
Radiometric dating provides an accurate way to estimate the age of fossils.
Relative dating estimates the time during which an organism lived.
It compares the placement of fossils in layers of rock.
Scientists infer the order in which species existed.

19. Radiometric dating uses decay of unstable isotopes.
Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ in their number of neutrons.
neutrons
protrons

20. A half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope to decay.

21. Types of fossils
Permineralized: (petrified)bones hardened by sediment, minerals replace all or part of an organism.
Natural casts and molds: molds form when hard parts of an organism are buried in sediment. The hard parts completely dissolve leaving a hollow area behind with organism’s shape. Casts form as the result of a mold when water with dissolved minerals and sediment fill the mold’s empty spaces and the mineral and sediments left behind form the cast.

22. Trace fossils and carbon films: footprints , leaf imprints ( formed by a thin layer of carbon left behind)
Amber preserved: trapped in tree sap
Preserved: ice, volcanic ash or bogs (Organisms become trapped and the tar or ice preserves specimen and prevents decay.)

23. Example of a chemically preserved fossil- Bog Man
10 ways to make a mummy

24. The geologic time scale organizes Earth’s history.
100
250
550
1000
2000
PRECAMBRIAN TIME
Cyanobacteria
This time span makes up the vast majority of Earth’s history. It includes the oldest known rocks and fossils, the origin of eukaryotes, and the oldest animal fossils.
The history of Earth is represented in the geologic time scale.

25. Eras last tens to hundreds of millions of years.
consist of two or more periods
three eras: Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

26. Periods last tens of millions of years.
most commonly used units of time on time scale
associated with rock systems.
Epochs last several million years.
Smallest measurement of time in measuring earth’s age and structures.

27. Paleozoic Era “early life”
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods
Early Earth was mostly marine invertebrates few plants ending with large pine trees, multicellular organisms first appeared.
The era began 544 million years ago and ended 248 million years ago.
The Cambrian explosion led to a huge diversity of animal species.
Three mass extinctions occurred.

28. Life moved onto land in the middle of the Paleozoic era.

29. Mesozoic Era “middle life”
Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods
It began 248 million years ago and ended 65 million years ago.
The Mesozoic era is known as the Age of Reptiles.
Dinosaurs, birds, flowering plants, and first mammals appeared.
Pangea breaks up

30. Cenozoic Era “recent life”
Tertiary and Quaternary Periods
The Cenozoic era began 65 million years ago and continues today.
Lots of bird life, small mammals followed by large mammals (wooly mammoth, etc)
Anatomically modern humans appeared late in the era.

31. Formation of Earth (based on Alexander Oparin’s theory)
Earth formed over 100 million years
Earth melted and denser elements sank to the center
Earth’s early atmosphere probably contained hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and water
(based on Alexander Oparin’s theory)

32. Several sets of hypotheses propose how life began on Earth.
There are two organic molecule hypotheses.
Miller-Urey experiment
electrodes
heat source
amino acids
water
“atmosphere”
“ocean”
Set up an experiment based on Oparin’s atmosphere theory
Added electricity (lightning) and produced amino acids and organic compounds
Abiotic (nonliving) became biotic (living)

33. There are different hypotheses of early cell structure.
iron-sulfide bubbles hypothesis

34. Ribozyme Hypothesis
A hypothesis proposes that RNA was the first genetic material.
Ribozymes are RNA molecules that catalyze their own replication.
DNA needs enzymes to replicate itself.

35. Microbes have changed the physical and chemical composition of Earth.
The oldest known fossils are a group of marine cyanobacteria.
prokaryotic cells
added oxygen to atmosphere
deposited minerals

36. Eukaryotic cells may have evolved through endosymbiosis.
Endosymbiosis is a relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have developed through endosymbiosis.

37. KEY CONCEPT Humans appeared late in Earth’s history.
Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.
She is the link between the prehistoric and modern human.

38. Humans share a common ancestor with other primates.
Primates are mammals with flexible hands and feet, forward-looking eyes and enlarged brains.

40. Primates evolved into prosimians and anthropoids.
Prosimians are the oldest living primates.
They are mostly small and nocturnal.

41. Anthropoids are humanlike primates.
They are subdivided into the New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids.
Hominoids
Divided into hominids, great apes, and lesser apes.
Hominids include living and extinct humans.

42. Hominids characteristics
Walk upright, long lower limbs, opposable thumbs, large brains
Australopithecus afarensis“southern ape”
Homo habilis“handy human”
Homo erectus“upright human”
Homo sapiens neanderthalis
Homo sapiens sapiens “wise human”
The Homo genus first evolved 2.4 million years ago.

43. Australopithecus afarensis “southern ape”
Lucy
Brain one third size of modern human
Digging tools, did not make tools
Only found in Africa

44. Homo habilis“handy human”
First to make stone tools
Found only in Africa

45. Homo erectus“upright human”
Fully upright stance
First to control fire
Asia, Africa and Europe
Spoken language

46. Homo sapiens neanderthalis
Discovered in Neander Valley in Germany
Thick heavy bones and big muscles
Knives and other tools
Rituals and cared for sick and old
Simple language

47. Homo sapiens sapiens “wise human”
150,000 years ago to present
Made 100 advanced tools
Lived in semi permanent huts
Advanced spoken language

48. Bipedal means walking on two legs.
Walking upright has important adaptive advantages.
carrying infants and food
using tools
foraging

49. Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years ago.
Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based culture.
There is a trend toward increased brain size in hominids.
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens