1. Finish the sentences… The cognitive approach believes the cause of addictions lie in… The cognitive approach believes addictions are maintained through… An addict may relapse according to the cognitive approach because they see… Automatic processing (Tiffany, 1990) A trigger in their environment Faulty Cognitions Can you remember Beck’s Cognitive Triad? Can you apply it to addiction? You will be able to outline and evaluate the cognitive explanation of addiction By the end you will have created a burger paragraph for this approach!

2. Beck’s Cognitive Triad How can we apply this to Gambling? Low mood Addictive behaviour Financial, psychological or social problems Good mood

3. Models  Self-medication  Expectancy  Self-Efficacy

4. The Self Medication model Drugs are used intentionally to treat psychological symptoms e.g., Anxiety, lack of confidence. Marilyn Monroe died of a barbiturate overdose She received Psychoanalysis for a number of years

5. Fill in Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse  In a situation (without the drug) psychological symptoms return & the drug is needed again  Cannot cope without the drug!  Drug fulfils 3 roles: Mood regulation, Performance Management, Distraction

6. Relapse In a situation (without the drug) psychological symptoms return Drug is needed again Maintenance Cannot cope without the drug! Initiation Drug fulfils 3 roles: Mood regulation, Performance Management, Distraction

7. The Expectancy Theory Addicts believe positive effects outweigh negative effects of these behaviours (non addicts are opposite). This faulty thinking leads to excessive use in the believe of the good outcomes… People drink after stress, not because it relieves stress, but because they expect it to relieve stress There is scientific evidence to show that alcohol does not reduce stress

8. Fill in Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse  Unconscious memories are triggered and need for the expectation returns  Expectations developed through modelling (SLT): Heavier drinkers have more positive expectations compared to light drinkers  Conscious expectations become unconscious expectations (this can explain the loss of control when addicted)

9. Relapse Unconscious memories are triggered and need for this expectation returns Maintenance Conscious expectations become unconscious expectations Can explain loss of control when addicted Initiation Expectations developed through modelling (SLT) Heavier drinkers have more positive expectations about the effects of alcohol compared to light drinkers

10. Self-Efficacy Theory Bandura (1997) Self-efficacy refers to a belief in ones self to organise and succeed at something. Those with low self-esteem will look for a way to boost their confidence and ability to show certain behaviours

11. Fill in Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse Confidence/self-esteem drops again and addiction returns Low self-efficacy maintains the addiction (No confidence to give up) Low self-efficacy more likely to give in to beginning an addiction

12. Relapse Confidence/self-esteem drops again and addiction returns Maintenance Low self-efficacy maintains the addiction The addict does not have the confidence to give Initiation Low self-efficacy more likely to give in to beginning an addiction

13. APFC Aim Procedure Findings Conclusion Griffiths (1994) page 443-444