1. Design Unit Test Review
Elements &
Principles

2. What are the 5 Elements?
Space
Line
Texture
Form
Color

3. Elements of Design:
Colour p

4. Colour has symbolic differences from culture to culture
Europe & North America: Brides wear white
India & China: Brides wear red
America: Black is for mourning
Africa: Black symbolizes strength
China: Black indicates joy

5. Colour & Mood Colour Colour influences how people feel
It can be used to create a certain mood [ex: red may make you feel bold or excited]
Colour can make a room feel cool (blues & greens) or warm (reds & yellows)
The colours you choose will depend on how you use the room

6. Colour & Optical Illusions
Things appear closer with warm colour and farther with cool colours
Bold & bright colours will cause objects to stand out more than pale colours

7. The Colour Wheel: Primary Colours
Red, Yellow, Blue
[colour “1” sections]
Equal distance apart on the colour wheel
Mixing other colours cannot create primary colours

8. The Colour Wheel: Secondary Colours
Orange, Green, Violet
[colour “2” sections]
Mixing equal parts of 2 primary colours makes secondary colours

9. The Colour Wheel: Tertiary Colours
Created by combining a primary colour with a neighboring secondary colour
[colour “3” sections]

10. The Colour Wheel

11. Colour Terms Colour Hue: the specific name of a colour
Intensity: the colour’s brightness or dullness (primary colours are the most intense)
Value: the amount of black or white in a colour
Tint: when you add white to a colour to lighten it (ex – red to pink)
Shade: when you add black to a colour to darken it (ex: blue to navy)

12. Colour
Hue
Intensity
This is orange
More intense
Less Intense

13. Colour
Value
Tint
Shade
BLUE
Add white Add Black

14. What are Neutrals? Colour They are not colors on the color wheel
Brown, black, white, beige, etc.

15. Colour
Colour Schemes
See handout & textbook (p.415) to complete colour schemes

16. The Impact of Colour: Colour
Cool colours (ex: blue, green, violet) give the illusion of distance
Warm colours (ex: red, orange, yellow) tend to make items advance
Contrasting colours (ex: red & green) make objects more defined

17. What must be considered before deciding on a colour scheme?p
What must be considered before deciding on a colour scheme?

18. Things to consider when planning colour:
Style of the room
Mood of the room
What effect do you want to create? Ask the client
How much time will be spent in the room

19. Elements of Design
Element #2: Line

20. Line Line Marks space Outlines form
Conveys a sense of movement or direction
One dimension: length

21. Lines can be… Line Vertical Diagonal Horizontal Curved
Our eyes will naturally follow the length of a line. Therefore, we use lines to create illusions or design effects in a space

22. Line
Vertical lines
Create a sense of height
Create a sense of action

23. Horizontal lines: Line Create a feeling of rest/relaxation
Can add length to a space

24. Diagonal or zig zag lines:
Create a sense of excitement
Create a sense of movement or energy

25. Line
Curved lines:
Create a sense of freedom
Feel natural

26. FORM
October 28th 2013

27. Form
Function – what a form will be used for. Example, a beds function is a place to sleep
Aesthetic – the beauty, artistic impact, or appearance of a form

28. Form may be two – dimensional having length and width
Like a wall
Like a window

29. Form may also be three dimensional – having length, width and depth.
Like a coffee table

30. Form follows Function, Function follows Form
The FORM of the object helps the FUNCTION of the object and because of the FUNCTION of the object, the FORM will be suited to that FUNCTION.
Easy Example: A Lazy Boy Chair

31. The Elements of Design
SPACE

32. SPACE Element #1 What is space?
The three dimensional area designed by a designer
Examples: a room, a house, a restaurant, a park, etc.
A designer either fills or leaves a space open

33. Negative Space: … not to be confused with bad or undesirable space
The amount of unfilled space
Space not taken up by furniture or objects
A designer knows how much negative space is needed to make a space look and feel comfortable

34. Elements of Design
Texture

35. Texture
Texture has to do with the look and feel that certain textural pieces invoke
Before you think, great this is going to be stupid consider some of the textures from your childhood
Everyone knows that colour plays a huge part in design but texture is also a large part, if it’s done right

36. This looks like rough bricks, however it is flat wallpaper
Texture
Texture
Texture is the appearance or “feel” of the surface of an object.
Brick or wallpaper?
This looks like rough bricks, however it is flat wallpaper

37. Texture Textures can be physically touched (TACTILE TEXTURE)
Experienced visually (VISUAL TEXTURE)
You can often predict what a surface will feel like by looking at it, however certain printing techniques can fool the eye.

38. Texture Texture & Effects ROUGH TEXTURES: SMOOTH TEXTURES:
Appear darker in colour because they absorb light
Objects may seem larger
SMOOTH TEXTURES:
Appear lighter in colour because they reflect light
Attract attention

39. Scale Balance Proportion Rhythm Emphasis Unity & Variety
Principles of Design
Scale Balance Proportion Rhythm Emphasis Unity & Variety

40. Scale
Principles of Design

41. There are three ways to think about scale:
Human to objects scale
Object to object scale
Object(s) to space scale

42. Scale
Human Scale
“Human scale refers to the relationship between the human body and its environment” – C. Colli Interior spaces that are excessively large make us, the humans interacting with the space, feel small. Ex: an oversized hotel lobby. On the contrary, spaces that are too small make us feel large. Ex: a small child’s playroom.

43. Objects/Forms to Space
Scale
Objects/Forms to Space
Finally, we must consider the scale between the objects/forms to a space.
Furniture can be too large for a space
There can be too much furniture
There can be too much “negative space”
There can be good scale of objects to space!

44. The Principles of Design
Balance

45. Balance
Balance
The design principle that provides a feeling of equality
It occurs when the amount, size or weight of objects on both sides of a center point is equal or when groups of objects seem to be equal
The two main techniques for achieving balance are:
Symmetrical balance or Formal balance
Asymmetrical balance or Informal balance

46. Symmetrical Balance Balance
The arrangement of forms on one side of an imaginary central line is the mirror image of the forms on the opposite side
Symmetry conveys dignity, quiet, and a feeling of rest and calm
Applying symmetrical design is a good place to start when first working with balance but if overused, it may have a monotonous appearance

47. Asymmetrical Balance Balance
Elements on either side of an imaginary central line are unmatched, but appear to be in balance
Different sizes, forms, textures, and colors can be combined to achieve asymmetrical balance
Example, a round object can balance a square object of similar or apparently similar weight/size

49. The Principles of Design
Design rules for the elements

50. #1 Proportion Proportion
The size relationships that can be found within an object
Proportions are expressed as ratios (2:3)
This principle was developed by the ancient Greeks. They discovered that some proportions are more pleasing than others

51. For example, imagine an area rug
For example, imagine an area rug. When you consider its proportions, you think about…

52. Pleasing Proportions continued…
Unequal divisions of space are often more appealing to the eye than equal divisions
How would you use a patterned throw to create unequal distribution?

53. The Golden Section Proportion
Ancient Greeks studied proportion and developed the theory of the Golden Section
It is the division of a line between one-half and one-third of its total length
Ex. curtain tiebacks

54. The Golden Rectangle Proportion
Use this sequence to approximate a golden rectangle: 2,3,5,8,13 (notice how each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers).
A rectangle with dimensions based on two consecutive numbers in the sequence – 3:5 or 8:13 – will be close to the ideal shape

55. The Principles of Design

56. What is Rhythm?
It is the principle that suggests connected movement between different parts of a design
It could be created with the elements: color, lines, forms, or textures
Rhythm can be referred to as continuity
It can add interest but if overused can create monotony

57. Gradation Repetition Radiation Opposition Transition
How is Rhythm Achieved?
Gradation
Repetition
Radiation
Opposition
Transition

58. Repetition This is the most common form of rhythm
It is the act of repeating. It can be a pattern A A A A or an alternating pattern such as A B A B of different elements
The repeating pattern leads the eye from one point to another

59. Radiation
When lines radiate, or move outward, from a central point

60. Gradation
A gradual increasing or decreasing of color, size, or pattern
Gradation causes the eye to follow the line created
Gradual changes in form is more pleasing than an abrupt one

61. Opposition
When lines come together to form right angles

62. Transition
When lines change direction by flowing in a curve, or when curved lines lead the eye from one object to another

63. The Principles of Design
Emphasis

64. Emphasis
We often use the terms center of interest and/or focal point to describe this principle
The emphasis should be on something that draws attention
It could be an object, a group of objects, color, etc.
The choice of emphasis is personal. It should be dominant but not overpower the rest of the space

65. Chapter 24 Choosing Backgrounds
Materials
Chapter 24
Choosing Backgrounds

66. Choosing Backgrounds
What are Backgrounds?
Floors, walls, ceilings, and windows are the Backgrounds in interior design.

67. Floors Choosing Backgrounds There are three types of flooring: Hard
Soft
Resilient

68. Countertops Choosing Backgrounds
There are many types of countertop materials:
Granite
Marble
Concrete
Steel

69. Wall Finishes Choosing Backgrounds
There are many ways to finish walls in a home
Drywall
Tile
Plaster
Concrete

70. Chapter 27 Choosing Lighting & Accessories

71. Direct and Indirect Direct Light – shines on specific areas
Choosing Lighting
Direct and Indirect
Direct Light – shines on specific areas
Indirect Light – is light reflected off of ceilings and walls. This light is diffused and softened

72. Lighting Three are three basic types of lighting that work together:
Choosing Backgrounds
Lighting
Three are three basic types of lighting that work together:
1.Ambient (general lighting)
2.Task
3.Accent
Successful lighting will incorporate all 3

73. Lighting Options Choosing Lighting Incandescent Light Bulbs Weaknesses
Fluorescent
Strengths
Fibre Optics
Notes
Halogen Bulbs
Weakness
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
Strength

74. Accessories Choosing Accessories
Without accessories, a room is sterile. An interior space needs to be more than just walls, floors, and ceiling. Here are some examples of accessories:

75. Accessorize Choosing Accessories