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Security for RFID Department of Information Management, ChaoYang University of Technology. Speaker : Che-Hao Chen ( 陳哲豪 ) Date:2006/01/18
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2 Outline Introduction RFID standards Security problems Countermeasures Non-Cryptographic Scheme Cryptographic Scheme Conclusion
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3 Introduction Auto-ID In 1996, Uniform Code Council (UCC) began developing a standardized barcode for consumer items – Universal Product Code (UPC) Example : A standard of UPC (A) Application Code (B) Manufacturer Code (C) Product Code (D) Checksum Digit
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4 Introduction Over 5 billion bar codes are scanned daily world-wide. Drawbacks of Auto-ID human intervention is required to scan a barcode barcodes could be affected by dirt, moisture, abrasion. the ability of storing data on barcode is very low the barcodes is easy to be counterfeited
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5 Introduction Radio Frequency Identification The first radio identification technology was the “Identify Friend or Foe” system used in Allied aircraft during World War II. Three primary components: The RFID tag The RFID reader The back-end database
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6 The RFID tag Tags are typically composed of A microchip for storage and computation. An antenna coil for communication. Typical characteristics of RFID tags Active tags Semi-passive tags Passive tags
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7 The RFID tag EPC Tag Classes
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8 The RFID reader Readers may contain Internal storage Processing power Connections to back-end databases Channels Read-to-tag (forward range) Tag-to-Read (backward range)
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9 RFID standards
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10 RFID standards 1) RFID in animals (135 KHz) ISO 11748, ISO 11785 and ISO 14223 The original standards defined only a fixed unique 64 bit ISO 18000-2 : The communication protocol of ISO 14223
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11 RFID standards 2) Contactless integrated circuit cards (13.56 MHz) Close-coupled cards (ISO 10536) Distance : < 1cm Proximity cards (ISO 14443) Distance : approx. 10cm There are two different standards : Type A and Type B Vicinity cards (ISO 15693) Distance : up to 1m
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12 RFID standards 3) Near-Field-Communication (NFC) (13.56 MHz) ISO 18092, ETSI TS 102.190, ECMA 340 Interaction between two electronic devices in close proximity: < 10cm Near field communication interface and protocol (NFCIP-1 &NFCIP-2)
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13 RFID standards 4) Item Management RFID for item management – ISO 18000 ISO 18000-1 : the reference architecture ISO 18000-2 : low frequency (<135 kHz) ISO 18000-3 : (13,56 MHz) part 3-1 — HF systems part 3-2 — a next generation RFID system in the same frequency band with higher bandwidth (up to 848 kBit/s) ISO 18000-4 : (2.45 GHz) mode 1 — a passive backscatter system mode 2 — a long range, high-data rates system with active tags ISO 18000-5 : currently withdrawn (5.8 GHz) ISO 18000-6 : passive backscatter system around 900 MHz ISO 18000-7 : long range in the 433 MHz band
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14 RFID standards 5) Electronic Product Code (EPC) EPC was developed by the Auto-ID Centre of the MIT The standardisation is now within the responsibility of EPCglobal EPC network is composed of five functional elements: The Electronic Product Code An Identification System Savant system The Object Naming Service (ONS) The Physical Markup Language (PML)
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15 Security problems Security problems Eavesdropping Individual Information Leakage Industrial Espionage Traceability Spoofing Theft Counterfeiting Industrial Sabotage Physical Attacks Denial of Service (DoS)
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16 Eavesdropping Read-to-tag (forward range) Perhaps 100 meters Tag-to-Read (backward range) Perhaps 3 meters Assume Tag readers have a secure connection to a back-end database. eavesdroppers may only monitor the forward channel
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17 Related work Countermeasures Non-Cryptographic Scheme Kill Tag approach Selective Blocker Tag Rewriteable Memory Physical ID Separation
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18 Rewriteable Memory A user cannot read the ROM while a value is set to the rewritable memory, and he/she can read the ROM only when the rewritable memory has null value.
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19 Physical ID Separation Globally-unique ID Class ID Pure ID
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