1. High Power Input Optics for Advanced Virgo Julien Marque, Benjamin Canuel, Richard Day, Eric Génin, Flavio Nocera, Federico Paoletti The European Gravitational Observatory is a consortium of:

2. Outline 26-03-112Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile 1 – The Advanced Virgo (AdV) injection system 2 – The Faraday Isolator 3 – The Electro Optical Modulation System 4 – Beam Dumps 5 – Thermally Deformable Mirror

3. The AdV Injection System 26-03-113Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile In air optics: - Electro Optical Modulation (EOM) system for Input Mode Cleaner (IMC) and Interferometer control - IMC mode matching telescope - Input Power Control system (IPC) - Beam pointing control system - Beam analysis system (wavefront sensor, phase camera) Input power = 25W (Virgo+), 125W (Advanced Virgo) In vacuum optics: - 144m long triangular IMC cavity - Faraday Isolator - ITF mode matching telescope - 32cm long triangular Reference Cavity (RFC) - Input Power Control system (IPC)

4. The Faraday Isolator 26-03-114Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile Thermal issue: TGG crystal absorbs (typically 2000ppm), creates change of mean temperature and a radial temperature gradient. As a consequence, 3 effects can limit the performances: 1) Refractive index of TGG temperature dependant (2.10 -5 K -1 ), thermal expansion is not negligible (1.10 -5 K -1 ): induces thermal lensing 2) The Verdet constant is temperature dependant: induces variation of mean rotation angle 3) Thermal expansion results in mechanical stress: radial birefringence leads to “depolarisation” Requirements: - 40dB isolation with 200W passing through the Faraday - Residual focal thermal lensing > 100m - Throughput > 95% - UHV compatible, 20mm aperture Magneto optic medium = TGG crystal (Terbium Gallium Garnet) large Verdet constant, low absorption, high thermal conductivity @ 1064nm

5. The Faraday Isolator: lensing 26-03-115Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile Thermal lensing due to heating of the TGG crystal: Absorption(TGG1) = 2300 +/-100 ppm/cm Absorption(TGG2) = 2600 +/-100 ppm/cm Without compensation, thermal lensing = 10m @100W Solution: add an element on the optical path with negative thermo- optic coefficient. Selected DKDP crystal (Deuterated Potassium Phosphate) Thermo-optic coefficient = -4.10 -5 K -1 Absorption = 900ppm/cm Fine compensation over large dynamics is obtained by cutting DKDP at the right length. Pump/Probe beams setup

6. The Faraday Isolator: rotation angle 26-03-116Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile Mean rotation angle of TGG crystal is temperature dependant: Temperature increase with 250W in vacuum (residual pressure = 2.5 10-6 mbar): 6° (copper holders are used to extract heat). Leads to 7dB drop without compensation. Solution: add a remotely tuneable half waveplate in the optical path to turn polarisation by 1°. Drawback: 2% of light is lost. The Virgo collaboration, “In-vacuum Faraday isolation remote tuning” Appl. Opt 49, 4780 (2010)

7. The Faraday Isolator: “depolarisation” 26-03-117Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile At high Power[1]: [1 ]Efim Khazanov et al., APPLIED OPTICS, 41-3, 483-492 (2002) Most critical problem is the depolarisation at high power: The gradients of temperature introduce some mechanical stress which creates radial birefringence. Heated TGG acts like complicated waveplate: direction of birefringence axis depends on φ, phase retardation depends on r.

8. The Faraday Isolator: “depolarisation” 26-03-118Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile This problem can be treated using Jones’ matrix formalism: Good agreement in term of amplitude! What about the phase? Intensity of the converted beam for 100W circular impinging polarization: measured computed Conclusion: some part of the beam is acquiring Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) that is responsible for the non common orbital phase dependence of the beam. Depolarisation was due to a self conversion of Spin to Orbital Angular Momentum. Intensity of the converted beam for 100W circular impinging polarisation interfered with a reference beam: S. Mosca, B. Canuel, E. Karimi, B. Piccirillo, L. Marrucci, R. De Rosa, E. Genin, L. Milano and E. Santamato, "Photon self-induced- spin-to-orbital conversion in a terbium-gallium-garnet crystal at high laser power," Phys. Rev. A 82, 043806 (2010)

9. The Faraday Isolator: “depolarisation” 26-03-119Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile Solution: the 2 TGG crystal design [1] (Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia). The second TGG converts back into the gaussian mode the light that was “depolarized” by the first TGG. Measurement of Faraday Isolation in final configuration: 45dB at low power 38dB in vacuum for 240W [1] E. Khazanov et al, “Compensation of Thermally Induced Modal Distortions in Faraday Isolators”, IEEE Journ. Quant. Electr., 40 (10), (2004)

10. The Electro Optical Modulation System 26-03-1110Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile Electro Optical material selected: RTP from Raicol 2 sections of modulations (10 MHz and 65MHz) designed to get the highest modulation index with the lowest possible RF power. Modulation depth measurement (0.5W RF power): m 10MHz =0.163 m 65MHz =0.117

11. Beam Dumps 26-03-1111Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile 3 materials under tests for making beam dumps: KG5, Si and SiC. Thermal conduction: KG5 (1 W/m/K), Si (150 W/m/K), SiC (490 W/m/K). Damage threshold: KG5 (25W/cm2), Si (6kW/cm2), SiC (30kW/cm2). KG5, 2W SiC, 10W Requirement for scattering is fine with superpolished surface (TIS of 10ppm). How to extract the heat then? A problem in particular for vacuum beam dumps. By radiation towards the tank. Beam dump mount made of sanded copper or pre-baked stainless steel to optimize emissivity (70%). Si, 10W SiC (30kW/cm2)

12. Thermally Deformable Mirror 26-03-1112Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile Slow thermally induced beam wavefront distortions can be compensated using deformable mirrors driven by thermal actuators. The set of heating actuators is placed in direct contact with the reflecting surface of the mirror, enabling an efficient control of its refractive index and shape (vacuum compatible, noise free). Best suitable material: SF57 (88nm/K) with compared to BK7 (47nm/K) printed circuit board with thin film resistive layers

13. Thermally Deformable Mirror 26-03-1113Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile Simulation of correction of a low order wavefront aberration Efficiency Measurement of astigmatism correction (color scale in waves) Measurement setup

14. Conclusion 26-03-1114Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile Prototype of Faraday Isolator fulfills almost all requirements up to 250W All defect mechanisms well understood (thermal lensing passively compensated by a DKDP crystal, Verdet constant change actively compensated by adding an extra half waveplate, “depolarisation” passively compensated using the 2 TGG design) EOM prototype is satisfactory. Waiting for final requirements (depending on IFO optical scheme) for production and characterisation High power beam dump material selected and validated Developed novel adaptive optics for matching input beam into interferometer

15. Beam analysis system 26-03-1115Rencontres de Moriond – La Thuile