1. Is brain-behavior behavior? If so, it can be conditioned just like other behaviors If so, it can be conditioned just like other behaviors In 1960s, certain rhythms could be “trained” In 1960s, certain rhythms could be “trained” Led to Neurotherapy and Brain-Computer interfaces (BCI) Led to Neurotherapy and Brain-Computer interfaces (BCI)

2. History of Biofeedback JH Bair, 1901, instrument used to teach ear wiggling JH Bair, 1901, instrument used to teach ear wiggling In early 20th century, J.H. Schultz in Germany developed a technique called Autogenic Training. Verbal instructions are used to guide a person to a more relaxed and controlled physiological state. In early 20th century, J.H. Schultz in Germany developed a technique called Autogenic Training. Verbal instructions are used to guide a person to a more relaxed and controlled physiological state. The method flourished, and the results were reported upon by Wolfgang Luthe in 1969 in the United States.The method flourished, and the results were reported upon by Wolfgang Luthe in 1969 in the United States. Increased awareness in Western world of yogic ability to alter physiology volitionally. E.g., a yogi could survive in a sealed box by voluntarily reducing his metabolic rate significantly, surviving hours with a limited supply of oxygen. Increased awareness in Western world of yogic ability to alter physiology volitionally. E.g., a yogi could survive in a sealed box by voluntarily reducing his metabolic rate significantly, surviving hours with a limited supply of oxygen. Peripheral biofeedback techniques include Peripheral biofeedback techniques include GSR, thermal, breathing, cardiacGSR, thermal, breathing, cardiac

3. Internal inhibition Pavlov conditioning experiments Pavlov conditioning experiments Tone for food, buzzer for shock –Tone for food, buzzer for shock – Moved them closer together in timeMoved them closer together in time confounded dog fell asleepconfounded dog fell asleep Termed “internal inhibition” Termed “internal inhibition” Animal can close down own systems to avoid stress Animal can close down own systems to avoid stress

4. History of EEG biofeedback 1934, Adrian watched his EEG in front of oscillograph and created alpha at will 1934, Adrian watched his EEG in front of oscillograph and created alpha at will 1958, alpha biofeedback or deep states 1958, alpha biofeedback or deep states Joe Kamiya at U ChicagoJoe Kamiya at U Chicago Subject 1,Subject 1, 1st trial, 60 tones  60 guesses, half right 1st trial, 60 tones  60 guesses, half right 2 nd, 65 % correct 2 nd, 65 % correct 3 rd, 85% correct 3 rd, 85% correct 4th, after initial mistakes, 400 correct guesses in a row 4th, after initial mistakes, 400 correct guesses in a row 1968, 1st congress in Aspen Colorado, field named biofeedback 1968, 1st congress in Aspen Colorado, field named biofeedback “Alpha training” adopted by counterculture and practitioners oversold its claims “Alpha training” adopted by counterculture and practitioners oversold its claims From Kamiya (1978) Science paper

5. History of SMR biofeedback In 1960s Mercury astronauts claimed they saw natives waving at them when they flew over the Pacific. In 1960s Mercury astronauts claimed they saw natives waving at them when they flew over the Pacific. (i.e., they hallucinated)(i.e., they hallucinated) In 1967, Gordon Allies, inventor of amphetamine, was contracted to test toxicity of Mercury capsule rocket fuel with David Fairchild In 1967, Gordon Allies, inventor of amphetamine, was contracted to test toxicity of Mercury capsule rocket fuel with David Fairchild However Allies tested another chemical compound on himself and died before contract over. Fairchild asked Sterman to help finish work. However Allies tested another chemical compound on himself and died before contract over. Fairchild asked Sterman to help finish work. MB Sterman

6. History of SMR biofeedback Then Sterman and Fairchild went on to another study, testing rocket fuel on 50 cats, 10 from Sterman’s previous SMR training study. Then Sterman and Fairchild went on to another study, testing rocket fuel on 50 cats, 10 from Sterman’s previous SMR training study. Inject 100 mg/kg or so of fuel into each cat Inject 100 mg/kg or so of fuel into each cat After one hour, all usually go into grand malAfter one hour, all usually go into grand mal but not all - 7 delayed, 3 not at all. but not all - 7 delayed, 3 not at all. seizure thresholds changed in these 10seizure thresholds changed in these 10 Not explainable by placebo (“i shall please” in Latin) as cats didn’t know what to expect, and experimenter blind because effect was entirely unexpectedNot explainable by placebo (“i shall please” in Latin) as cats didn’t know what to expect, and experimenter blind because effect was entirely unexpected

7. When monomethyl hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer come in contact, they ignite automatically( i.e., no spark required) in absence of oxygen Mono-methyl hydrazine

8. Sterman was studying EEG- behavioral correlates in cats

9. If EEG behavior is like any other behavior, it could be shaped with operant conditioning Two prominent rhythms in cat EEG – SMR and PRS Two prominent rhythms in cat EEG – SMR and PRS Couldn’t train PRS, but could train SMRCouldn’t train PRS, but could train SMR

10. Operant Conditioning Increasing probability of rewarded actions

11. 10 cats trained to produce SMR (12-19 Hz over motor strip) for chicken broth & milk

12. Classic abundance response at extinction

13. History of SMR biofeedback Sterman and Fairchild tested NASA’s rocket fuel on 50 cats, 10 from Sterman’s previous SMR training study. Sterman and Fairchild tested NASA’s rocket fuel on 50 cats, 10 from Sterman’s previous SMR training study. Inject same mg/kg of fuel into each cat Inject same mg/kg of fuel into each cat Cats show usual toxic prodrome After 1 hr, all usually go into grand malCats show usual toxic prodrome After 1 hr, all usually go into grand mal Of 50, 7 cats showed prodrome with delayed seizures and 3 without seizing. Of 50, 7 cats showed prodrome with delayed seizures and 3 without seizing. Examining his data carefully, including who made up his sample, he realized the seizure thresholds changed in cats who underwent SMR training Examining his data carefully, including who made up his sample, he realized the seizure thresholds changed in cats who underwent SMR training Not explainable by placebo (“I shall please” in Latin) as cats didn’t know what to expect, and experimenter blind because effect was unexpectedNot explainable by placebo (“I shall please” in Latin) as cats didn’t know what to expect, and experimenter blind because effect was unexpected

14. Sterman et al (1967) showing usual toxic prodrome and resistance to MMH- induced seizures in a subgroup NASA Rocket fuel Avg 2 hours+ for seizures with EEG trained cats vs. 1 hour for normal cats Time

15. History of SMR biofeedback Replicated in monkeys Replicated in monkeys Onto humans at colleagues’ urging. Onto humans at colleagues’ urging. n=1, epileptic case in EEG & Clin Neurophysiologyn=1, epileptic case in EEG & Clin Neurophysiology n=4, 65% seizure reduction (Epilepsia 1976)n=4, 65% seizure reduction (Epilepsia 1976) n=8, ABA 3-year study, (Epilepsia 1978)n=8, ABA 3-year study, (Epilepsia 1978) NIH-funded studyNIH-funded study Sham control, n=24, 3yrs Sham control, n=24, 3yrs Double yoked Double yoked n=8, n=8 NF, n=8 log booksn=8, n=8 NF, n=8 log books Many went seizure free who received NF Many went seizure free who received NF Reliable increase in sleep spindle density and decreased awakenings Reliable increase in sleep spindle density and decreased awakenings * ** 60% reduction in seizures 12 mo after training Lantz & Sterman, Epilepsia, 1988; Sterman & Lantz, JNT, 2001

16. Improved functioning with SMR training (C3) Sterman, MB (2000). Basic Concepts and Clinical Findings in the Treatment of Seizure Disorders with EEG Operant Conditioning. Clinical EEG, 31(1), 45-55.

17. Why does SMR training work? Sterman & Bloomfield, 1976

18. How does SMR training work? Likely enhances GABA circuitry involved in motor regulation, dampens excitability to sensorimotor stimulation Likely enhances GABA circuitry involved in motor regulation, dampens excitability to sensorimotor stimulation May increase GABAergic receptor density in sensorimotor pathwaysMay increase GABAergic receptor density in sensorimotor pathways

19. 1967 SMR conditioning in general 1967 SMR conditioning in general 1973 Epilepsy 1973 Epilepsy 1975 Peak Performance 1975 Peak Performance 1976 ADHD 1976 ADHD 1977 Addiction 1977 Addiction 1978 Anxiety disorders 1978 Anxiety disorders 1978 Learning disabilities 1978 Learning disabilities 1980 Sleep Disorders 1980 Sleep Disorders 1995 Brain Injury 1995 Brain Injury 1995 Lyme's Disease 1995 Lyme's Disease 1996 CFS 1996 CFS 1997 Mood disorders 1997 Mood disorders Neurofeedback Applications by year of 1 st publication Epilepsy  ADHD  Beyond Lubar and Bahler (1976) trained epileptics to reduce seizure but noted that a hyperactive epileptic showed decrease in his overactivity after SMR enhancement and theta suppression training Thalamocortical dysrhythmias may underlying a variety of conditions including depression, dysfunction associated with TBI, etc