1. About L2OS v6 improvement wrt L2OS v5 N. Martin – J.L. Vergely - J. Boutin Descending orbits results In L2 v6 => latitudinal biases are reduced wrt L2 v5 due to TEC

4. Slides from QWG 13 TEC retrieval in L2 reduces latitudinal biases in descending orbits (tests conducted using same L1c)

5. SMOS SSS - ISAS SSS: descending PCTVAR<80% (exclude regions with no ARGO) and 700km far from land L2V550 OTT L1cTEC – L1cTECprior – TEC dwell retr. L2V611b, OTT L1cTEC – A3TEC ‘prior’ -no TEC dwell retr. L2V550 OTT A3TEC on - L1cTEC prior –TEC dwell retr. Global: mean=0.11 (std=0.39) [45S45N;180W180E] : mean=0.05 (std=0.32) [30S30N;180W180E] : mean=-0.01 (std=0.29) L2V550 OTT L1cTEC – L1cTECprior – TEC dwell retr. L2V611b, OTT A3TEC on- A3TEC prior – no TEC dwell retr. The TEC retrieval in L2OS improves retrieved SSS compared with ISAS SSS. L2V611b, OTT A3TEC on- A3TEC prior – no TEC dwell retr. Global: mean=0.00(std=0.36) 45S-45N: mean=-0.01 (std=0.29) 30S-30N: mean=-0.02 (std=0.27)

6. Suntail flag in L1c v620 X. Yin 1,2, J. Boutin 2, J. Vergely 3, P. Spurgeon 1 6 1. ARGANS 2. LOCEAN 3. ACRI-ST Thanks to L1 team for providing L1C v620 product. Aims: 1.Validate the new suntail flag 2.Define the methodology at L2 to be used to flag data affected by sun

7. 7 1) Data 5 days ascending and descending orbits in May 2011 and November 2012, L1C v620 and L2OS v612 L2OS without Suntail filtering processed by ARGANS L2OS with Suntail filtering processed by LOCEAN 2) Method 2.1 Part1 : Validation of TB radiometric accuracy std(Tbsmos-Tbmodel) wrt radiometric accuracy The grid points in the FOV with number of measurements less than 30 are discarded 2.2 Part 2: Validation of SSS and Chi2p flagging Comparisons of monthly SSS w.r.t ISAS, and intercomparisons between SSS (CTRL_Chi2p flag) with or without filtering with L1 Suntail flag Consider only Tbs 1000km away from coasts to avoid land contamination SMOS SSS flags used CONTROL FLAGS : check to be set to 1 : CTRL_ECMWF check to be clear to 0 : CTRL_MANY_OUTLIERS;CTRL_SUNGLINT;CTRL_MOONGLINT;CTRL_REACH_MAXITER;CTRL_MARQ; CTRL_CHI2_P;CTRL_SUSPECT_RFI SCIENCE FLAGS : check to be set to 1 : SC_LOW_WIND;SC_LAND_SEA_COAST1 check to be clear to 0 : SC_ICE;SC_SUSPECT_ICE +Dg_af_fov>130

8. Part1 Validation of TB radiometric accuracy Ratio of std(Tbsmos-Tbmodel) wrt theoretical radiometric accuracy computed between 0N and 30N The grid points in the FOV with number of measurements less than 30 are discarded 8

9. Descending orbits in the northern hemisphere are strongly affected in November 2012 (eclipse period) [std ( TB-Tbmodel)/rad_acc.] of 1 orbit (20121118) in open ocean between 0N and30N Suntails in FOV 9 No filtering Suntail + Sun point Suntail and Sun point flag remove some regions with strong Sun contamination. However, vertical stripes outside suntails are still seen in FOV (due to imperfect sun correction?).

10. Ratio: StdTB/Ra Std(TBsmos-TBmodel) i.e. StdTB X pol. Y pol. Theoretical Radiometric accuracy i.e. Ra Vertical stripes outside Suntails can be seen in FOV (due to imperfect sun correction?). Same as previous slide except for 10 orbits Long integration snapshots with filtering 10

11. Ratio: StdTB/Ra Std(TBsmos-TBmodel) i.e. StdTB X pol. Y pol. Theoretical Radiometric accuracy i.e. Ra Vertical stripes outside Suntails can be seen in FOV (due to imperfect sun correction?). 11 Same as previous slide except for 10 orbits short integration snapshots with filtering

12. With filtering X pol. Y pol. Long integration snapshots, Ratio: StdTB/Ra, 10 orbits Without filtering 12 Suntail flag and Sun point flag remove some data contaminated by Sun, but they are not enough to flag ripples outside the tails.

13. Suntails in FOV 13 Ascending orbits in May 2011 (Sun alias in bottom left of FOV) TB of 1 orbit (20110526) in the OTT region (45S and 5S by black box) No filtering Suntail + Sun point The impact of Sun is much smaller in May than in November. Suntail and Sun point flag remove regions with contamination (maybe too much).

14. Ratio: StdTB/Ra Std(TBsmos-TBmodel) i.e. StdTB X pol. Y pol. Theoretical Radiometric accuracy i.e. Ra Suntail and Sun point flag remove regions with contamination. 14 Same as previous slide except for 10 orbits Long integration snapshots with filtering

15. Ratio: StdTB/Ra Std(TBsmos-TBmodel) i.e. StdTB X pol. Y pol. Theoretical Radiometric accuracy i.e. Ra 15 Same as previous slide except for 10 orbits short integration snapshots with filtering Suntail and Sun point flag remove regions with contamination.

16. Conclusion and discussion of Part 1 (TB validation) 1. For ascending orbits in May with Sun alias in the bottom left of FOV, Suntail and Sun point flag remove regions with contamination but maybe too much. Question: Do we need to filter TB flagged by Suntail before SSS retrievals for ascending orbits given that impact of Sun is much smaller than the descending orbits in November? 16 Be careful about the vertical tail in the FOV due to the Suntail flag. No or few TB can be used for SSS inversion along dwell lines near the vertical tail! More details in part 2. 2. For descending orbits in November with Sun alias in the left side of FOV, vertical stripes outside suntails, especially for X(H) pol., can be seen in FOV (due to imperfect sun correction?). The Suntail flag itself is not enough to flag those vertical stripes.

17. Part 2 SSS and Chi2p 1. Comparisons of SMOS SSS w.r.t ISAS (monthly in situ interpolated maps) 2. Intercomparisons between SSS maps obtained with or without filtering L1c TB with Suntail flag and after cheching the L2OS Chi2P flag ( chi2P : good TB fit if chi2P high. Chi2P > 0.05 in current processor. ) 17

18. 18 1. When applying Suntail filtering, no SSS are retrieved along the vertical Suntail. Also, SSS near the vertical tail are quite different to those retrieved in other parts of the swath. 2. Nothing strange can be seen in SSS along the vertical tail when no Suntail filtering is applied. SSS withfilt -SSS ISAS SSS nofilt -SSS ISAS SSS withfilt -SSS nofilt Suntails in FOV One ascending orbit in May 2011 (Sun alias in bottom left of FOV) SSS of one orbit (20110526) With L1c suntail filtering Without L1c suntail filtering

19. 19 SSS nofilt -SSS ISAS, mean=-0.03, std=0.65 SSS withfilt -SSS ISAS, mean=-0.06, std=0.72 SSS nofilt -SSS withfilt, mean=0.03, std=0.36 1. When applying Suntail filtering, SSS near the vertical tail are quite different to those in other parts of the swath 2. Nothing strange can be seen in SSS along the vertical tail when no Suntail filtering is applied. Comparison of monthly SMOS SSS with ISAS (May 2011)

20. 20 When applying L1c Suntail filtering, less dwell lines are filtered by the L2OS Chi2P flag => more SSS are retrieved in the northern hemisphere... but they suffer from strong impact of Sun (low biases). SSS withfilt -SSS ISAS SSS nofilt -SSS ISAS SSS withfilt -SSS nofilt Suntails in FOV One descending orbits in November 2012 (eclipse period) SSS of one orbit (20121118)

21. 21 SSS nofilt -SSS ISAS, mean=-0.02, std=0.79 SSS withfilt -SSS ISAS, mean=-0.22, std=0.86 SSS nofilt -SSS withfilt, mean=0.05, std=0.38 When applying Suntail filtering, more SSS are retrieved in the northern hemisphere (middle panel) than when the L1c Suntail flag is not filtered, but they are systematically biased (more details in slide 21).

22. Extra slides: In case Sun alias does not appear in the FOV(descending orbits in May 2011) The vertical Suntail still appears in the FOV even if the Sun alias is not in the FOV. There is few valid TB near the vertical tail (figure left). SSS near the tail are strange (middle panel in the maps below). SSS nofilt -SSS ISAS, mean=0.03, std=0.65 SSS withfilt -SSS ISAS, mean=0.00, std=0.70 SSS nofilt -SSS withfilt, mean=0.03, std=0.33

23. 23 Extra slides: In case Sun alias does not appear in the FOV(ascending orbits in November 2012) SSS nofilt -SSS ISAS, mean=-0.18, std=0.72 SSS withfilt -SSS ISAS, mean=-0.14, std=0.76 SSS nofilt -SSS withfilt, mean=-0.04, std=0.37 SSS near the tail are strange (middle panel in the maps below) when applying Suntail filtering.

24. 24 Conclusion and discussion of Part 2 (SSS): should we use L1c suntail flag in L2OS 1. All ascending orbits and descending orbits during the non eclipse period. For ascending orbits in May with Sun alias in the bottom left of FOV, Sun contamination is weak. When applying Suntail filtering, SSS near the vertical tail appear noisy and biased. This is not observed when no Suntail filtering is applied. The sam e is observedfor the period when the Sun alias is outside EAFFOV (vertical tail still present in the FOV). We recommend not to apply the L1c Suntail flag in the L2OS

25. 25 Conclusion and discussion of Part 2 (SSS) 2. Descending orbits during the eclipse period: When applying L1c suntail flag, more SSS are retrieved in the northern hemishpere but they are strongly biased compared with ISAS SSS (-0.66), while SSSsmos-SSSisas of ascending orbits is -0.27. We recommend not to apply the Suntail flag in the L2OS descending orbits during the eclipse period because the L2OS Chi2P flag better removes biased retrieved salinities when no L1c suntail filtering is applied 0-40N: SSS asc,nofilt -SSS ISAS, mean=-0.27, std=0.72 0-40N: SSS desc,withfilt -SSS ISAS, mean=-0.66, std=0.88

26. L2OS threshold optimisation 20 June 2014, PM26 JL Vergely, J. Boutin, P. Spurgeon ACRI-ST,LOCEAN, ARGANS

27. RFI/outlier detection Aim :  To improve the thresholds of the L2OS processor to be applied on TB measurements in order to remove outliers. About thresholds :  should be independent on L1c quality products

28. Thresholds to be tested test for outlier detection (dwell test) nsig test for out of range TB detection (FOV test) Tm_out_of_range_affov Tm_out_of_range_eaffov Tm_out_of_range_stokes3_affov Tm_out_of_range_stokes3_eaffov Tm_out_of_range_stokes4_affov Tm_out_of_range_stokes4_eaffov test for oscillation TB detection (FOV test) Ts_std Ts_std_stokes3 Ts_std_stokes4 Other tests : max of iteration

29. Tests conditions |X_swath| < 400 km (& sig_SSS<1.35) Coast > 1000 km -40° < lat < 40° SSS ref: ISAS near real time (MyOcean) PCT_var < 80 Day : 1,2,3,4,5/5/2013, L1C v550 L2OS proc : v600 (CATDS processing chain)

30. Indicators / SSS quality filter -chi2P : good TB fit if chi2P high. Chi2P > 0.05 in current processor. -mean(SSS SMOS – SSS Coriolis) and std(SSS SMOS – SSS Coriolis) -X = (SSS SMOS – SSS Coriolis)/SSS_error. X should be close to a Gaussian law with mean(X)=0 and std(X)=1. Does not depend on SSS accuracy (close to the ratio between empirical error and theoretical error).

31. Chi2P and RFI Chi2P, 5/5/2013, asc Percentage of RFI contamination : january 2012, asc

32. nsig : outlier test at ‘nsig’ sigma Outlier detection. Dwell test. TB removed if : |TBsmos – TBmodel – DA| > nsig.rad_noise DA = mean dwell correction Current value : 5 Tested values : 2, 3, 4, 5

33. nsig full ocean Bad fit Good fit

34. nsig full ocean Expected distribution Centred reduced variable 4 sigmas test Queue distribution : outliers

35. nsig full ocean No Chi2P filter in L2OS Chi2p > 0.05 Mean and std(X) nsig = 2

36. nsig full ocean Mean and std(X) nsig = 3 No Chi2P filter in L2OS Chi2p > 0.05

37. nsig full ocean Mean and std(X) nsig = 4 No Chi2P filter in L2OS Chi2p > 0.05

38. nsig full ocean Mean and std(X) nsig = 5 No Chi2P filter in L2OS Chi2p > 0.05

39. nsig full ocean nsig=2: Many outliers at 4 sigmas

40. nsig : coast (1000km)

41. nsig coast Expected distribution

42. nsig coast No specific filter Chi2p > 0.05 & sigSSS < 1.35 Mean and std(X) nsig = 2

43. nsig coast No specific filter Chi2p > 0.05 & sigSSS < 1.35 Mean and std(X) nsig = 3

44. nsig coast No specific filter Chi2p > 0.05 & sigSSS < 1.35 Mean and std(X) nsig = 4

45. nsig coast No specific filter Chi2p > 0.05 & sigSSS < 1.35 Mean and std(X) nsig = 5

46. nsig coast nsig=2 : very biased !! nsig=2: Many outliers at 4 sigmas

47. 5 day processing 1,2,3,4,5/05/2013; nsig = 2, 3, 4, 5 Dwell test. TB removed if : |TBsmos – TBmodel – DA| > nsig.noise DA = mean dwell correction Current config : nsig = 5

48. Without LS mask. chi2P > 0.05 nsig=2

49. nsig=3

50. nsig=4

51. nsig=5

52. Preliminary Conclusions  Chi2P (or chi2) is improved with TB filtering but SSS biases increase.  No TB filtering requiered ? It helps for coast (only for some threshods) but not for open ocean.  The current configuration of L2OS has very high thresholds which filter almost nothing. A configuration with 0 TB filtering gives almost the same results as the current configuration. In the future ‘almost’ will have to be quantified and decide whether we should adapt the current L2OS configuration  The best quality SSS is obtained when filtering is only done at SSS level from Dg_chi2P, but this is at the expense of the number of retrieved SSS. For L2OS v7, envisage several steps/filtering? 1-no L1c filter - only Chi2P => best SSS; 2-in pixels eliminated by -1-, filter L1c, then retrieve SSS => degraded SSS quality.  Use of Tm_out_of_range ? Algorithm to be improved (need to be normalized by radiometric accuracy) and tested again ?

53. Extra slides 53

54. Tm_out_of_range_affov or eaffov (polar X,Y,3,4) Snapshot removed if at least one TB is an outlier : |TB smos – TB model| > Tm_out_of_range Problem because the test is applied directly on the TBs and not on the TBs normalised by the radiometric noise X and Y from short and long integration time Current value : 50 K for affov and 100 K for eaffov Tested value : 10, 20, 30, 40 K

55. Tm_out_of_range_affov full ocean

56. No specific filter Chi2p > 0.05 & sigSSS < 1.35 Tm = 10K

57. Tm_out_of_range_affov full ocean No specific filter Chi2p > 0.05 & sigSSS < 1.35 Tm = 40K

58. Tm_out_of_range_affov full ocean

59. Tm_out_of_range_eaffov full ocean Tm=10K : Little bit better but lost of accuracy No significative change (with Tm_out_of_range_affov = 12)

60. Tm_out_of_range_stokes3_affov full ocean Tm=6K : Little bit better -> try to work in dual pol mode ? No significative change (with Tm_out_of_range_affov/eaffov = 12/18)

61. No significative change (with Tm_out_of_range_stokes3_affov = 8) Tm_out_of_range_stokes3_eaffov full ocean

62. Tm_out_of_range_stokes4_affov full ocean No significative change (with Tm_out_of_range_stokes3_affov/eaffov = 8/16)

63. Tm_out_of_range_stokes4_eaffov full ocean No significative change (with Tm_out_of_range_stokes3_affov/eaffov = 8/16 & Tm_out_of_range_stokes4_affov = 10)

64. Ts_std thresholds Snapshot is removed if : rms((TB smos –TB model)/ra) > Ts_std rms((TB smos –TB model)/ra) is expected to be close to 1 (if OTT well applied) Current value = 2.5

65. Ts_std full ocean Ts_std=1.5 : Little bit better

66. Ts_std_stokes3 full ocean Ts_std=0.5 or 1 : Too low Too biased No significative improvement

67. Ts_std_stokes4 full ocean No significative improvement Ts_std=1 : Too low Too inaccurate

68. Comparison current configuration and configuration without thresholds

69. Comp current/without thres. full ocean current conf Chi2p > 0.05 & sigSSS < 1.35

70. Comp current/without thres. full ocean without filter No signicative change Chi2p > 0.05 & sigSSS < 1.35

71. Comp current/without thres. full ocean A little bit better without thresholds

72. Comp current/without thres. coast Without thresholds : better for 4 sigmas SSS

73. Iteration number 2 modes !!

74. Iteration number Signature TEC ? RFI or island ? Hot spot

75. Global improvement using iterMax Small global effect. What about specific area ?

76. 4 zones with RFI/coast contamination Pacific Pacific + coast Atlantic Indian ocean

77. 4 zones with RFI/coast contamination Pacific Pacific + coast Atlantic Indian ocean

78. iterMax = 5 Itermax= 5 is too low : lost of accuracy Low bias Gulf of Bengal

79. iterMax = 10 good accuracy

80. iterMax = 15 No significative change comparative ly to 10

81. iterMax = 20

82. iterMax=20 (current)

83. iterMax=15

84. iterMax=10

85. iterMax=5 Stripes