1. Cognitive-behavioral therapy Albert EllisRational Emotive Behavioral Therapy William GlasserReality Therapy/ Choice Theory Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

2. Albert Ellis, Sept 27 1913 - Epictetus, Not Freud "What disturbs people's minds is not events but their judgments on events" -Epictetus, 100 A.D. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

3. About Ellis In 1947 Ellis had come to believe that psychoanalysis was the deepest and most effective form of therapy … Wanted to be an accountant… End of Great Depression - Degree in Business Administration Started business with brother… Tried writing… Dabbled in counseling … Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

4. Ellis completed a full analysis and began to practice classical psychoanalysis under Karen Horney’s direction. Practiced as psychoanalyst but grew steadily disillusioned with the methodology… He remembered that before he underwent analysis, he had worked through many of his own problems by reading and practicing the philosophies or Epictetus …

5. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 By 1955 Ellis had given up psychoanalysis entirely, and instead was concentrating on changing people's behavior by confronting them with their irrational beliefs and persuading them to adopt rational ones…

6. Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy can be summed up as “Be rational and think about things logically.” World view Human beings are gullible and highly suggestible and are easily disturbed BUT they have the means to control their thoughts, feelings and action. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

7. People have made themselves victims by their own crooked, incorrect, and mainly irrational thinking patterns. Basic assumptions Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 People are both inherently rational and irrational, sensible and crazy.

8. Therapeutic goals To help people avoid having more of an emotional response to an event than is warranted. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 To correct thought patterns and rid people of irrational ideas.

9. Fundamental Ideas 1.A-B-C Theory of Personality where: A = Activating event B = Belief system C = Emotional consequence Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 A B C DE 2.Disputing thoughts and beliefs

10. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 There are a number of typical “thinking errors” people typically engage in, including... 1. ignoring the positive, 2. exaggerating the negative, and 3. over generalizing. Irrational beliefs take the form of absolute statements. Irrational beliefs take the form of absolute statements. Instead of acknowledging a preference or a desire, we make unqualified demands on others, or convince ourselves that we have overwhelming needs. Instead of acknowledging a preference or a desire, we make unqualified demands on others, or convince ourselves that we have overwhelming needs.

11.  It is a necessity to be loved and approved of by all important people around us. “If she/he doesn’t love me, it is awful.” Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003  It is better to avoid some difficulties and responsibilities. “It won’t make any difference if I do that or not. People won’t care.”  Some people are bad and should be punished for it.”He/She did that to me and I’m going to get even.” Common irrational ideas:

12. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003  It is required that one be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving if one is to be worthwhile. “If I don’t make the goal, it’s all my fault.”  It is awful and catastrophic if things are not the way they are supposed to be. “Isn’t it terrible that the house isn’t clean and tidy.”

13. Function and role of the counselor  The counselor is active, confronting and involved. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003  Does not seek to support or challenge any particular belief system.  Must be open to alternative lifestyles and variations among people.  Must provide the opportunity for clients to explore a new set of beliefs that are satisfactory and functional for everyday life.

14. Discussion: Strengths and Limitations Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003

15. Dr. William Glasser, 1925 - Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 “Take responsibility and control of your own life and face the consequences of your actions.”

16. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 William Glasser Began career as psychiatrist in late 1950s. He has worked and consulted in every area of psychiatry and has taught and lectured at universities on every continent During the last decade, moved from that which he calls External Control Psychology to Choice Theory

17. World view Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 Human beings are capable of identities of success and failure. When needs are met in a responsible way, we develop an identity characterized by success and self-esteem.

18. Our brains work as a control system gearing all of our behavior to fulfilling basic human needs. When such needs as belonging, attaining a sense of self-worth, and being free or being in control of our own destiny are thwarted, we experience pain and are not satisfied with life. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 Basic assumptions

19. All behavior is made up of four different but inseparable components: acting, thinking, feeling and physiology. “Acting and thinking are directly under our control … I don't focus on how people feel or on the physiology of their brains because none of us have direct and predictable control over these two components.” Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 Basic assumptions

20. We create our own inner world: What is important is not the way the real world exists but rather the way we perceive it to exist. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 Human learning is a lifelong process based on choice. Five basic needs are the source of all human motivation: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun.

21. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 People living External Control Psychology loose effective control of their lives while attempting to control other people. Fundamental ideas Clients' unhappiness is associated with the following: they have not been able to meet their need for love and belonging… they have not been able to meet their need for love and belonging… they almost always blame their difficulties on other people… they almost always blame their difficulties on other people…

22. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 They want to blame their unhappiness on things that happened in the past or may happen in the future. They will try to avoid facing the fact that the only person's behavior they can control is their own.

23. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 Role of the counselor Helps the client choose more effective behaviors – help the client make better or mentally healthy choices To learn a wide variety of effective procedures, practices, and techniques so that they can use those techniques that they believe are most effective for a particular client

24. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 Example of techniques: *changing to the correct grammar by teaching clients to say, I'm choosing to depress, instead of saying, I'm depressed, quickly helps clients see that they can make more effective choices even when they are very unhappy. *Helping the client understanding that he/she chooses to depress because he/she learnt, usually as a child, that if you choose to anger, you will harm what relationships you may have…so choosing to depress retrains the anger

25. Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003 *Make clients see that they have learnt that the choice they are making is a powerful way to ask for help. Depressing may actually be the most powerful way people who are suffering have figured out to ask for help. It is also socially acceptable and necessary. *Make clients realize that the choice to depress may make it easier for them to avoid facing the problem and taking the chance of suffering a further rejection.

26. Discussion Emmaus Counseling Training Programme 2002-2003