2. 1. What were some of the ways that wartime governments expanded their powers over their economies 2. What country had the most success in developing a planned economy? 3. What were two sources of internal opposition to the war in 1916-1917? 4. How did the wartime governments fight back against growing internal opposition to the war? 5. What was the greatest impact the war had on women?

3. 1. PRICE, WAGE AND RENT CONTROLS/RATIONING OF FOOD AND MATERIALS/REGULATION OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS/NATIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRIES 2. GERMANY 3. LIBERALS AND SOCIALISTS 4. POLICE POWER, CENSORSHIP, RESTRICTION OF CIVIL LIBERTIES, PROPAGANDA, MILITARY FORCE 5. JOBS AND LATER VOTING RIGHTS

5.  TOTAL WAR = all elements of society are used for the war effort 1. extension/expansion of government power 2. Mass conscription/draft 3. Govt expand power over economies 4. Price, wage, and rent controls 5. Rationing of food and materials 6. Regulation of imports and exports 7. Nationalization of transportation and key industries

7.  GERMANY 1. Military authorities take control of govt/econ 2. Generals Hindenburg & Ludendorff direct the war economy 3. Germany is most successful in govt direction of the econ  BRITAIN 1. Key figure is Liberal Party leader DAVID LLOYD GEORGE 2. Lloyd George is Minister of Munitions 3. In 1916 David Lloyd George becomes PM  FRANCE 1. More emphasis on civilian control of govt/econ 2. GEORGES CLEMENCEAU = “the tiger” = leader of France during World War I 3. “War is too important to be left to the generals”

8. 1. Increasing strike activity 2. Opposition to continuing the war came from a. liberals b. socialists 3. Govts respond harshly to opposition to war

9. 1. Use of military force or the threat of military force 2. Example – THE EASTER REBELLION = April 1916 in Ireland – attempted uprising crushed by the British 3. Increased police power 4. Restrictions on civil liberties 5. propaganda

10.  The Defence of the Realm Act ( DORA ) was passed in the United Kingdom on 8 August 1914, during the early weeks of World War I. It gave the government wide-ranging powers during the war period, such as the power to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort, or to make regulations creating criminal offences. Some of the things the British public were not allowed to do included flying a kite, lighting a bonfire, buying binoculars, feeding wild animals bread, discussing naval and military matters or buying alcohol on public transport. Alcoholic beverages were watered down and pub opening times were restricted to noon–3pm and 6:30pm–9:30pm (the requirement for an afternoon gap in permitted hours lasted until the Licensing Act 1988 was brought into force). DORA ushered in a variety of authoritarian social control mechanisms, such as censorship.

11.  Increased power for workers and unions  New roles for women a. jobs b. voting rights = Britain 1918, Germany and Austria 1919, USA 1920  Social independence for women – “the flappers”  Big business

12. "Flapper" in the 1920s was a term applied to a "new breed" of young Western women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. Flappers had their origins in the period of liberalism, social and political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of the First World War, as well as the export of American jazz culture to Europe.