1. Soil Water

2. Water as a Resource

3. CIA Global Trends: Natural Resources and Environment (projections for 2015) Overall food production will be adequate to feed the world's growing population, but poor infrastructure and distribution, political instability, and chronic poverty will lead to malnourishment in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. The potential for famine will persist in countries with repressive government policies or internal conflicts. Despite a 50 percent increase in global energy demand, energy resources will be sufficient to meet demand; the latest estimates suggest that 80 percent of the world's available oil and 95 percent of its gas remain underground. In contrast to food and energy, water scarcities and allocation will pose significant challenges to governments in the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and northern China. Regional tensions over water will be heightened by 2015.

4. India China Pakistan ½ the world’s total agricultural groundwater use In India, 80% of domestic supply and 70% of agricultural supply is from groundwater Fastest growing countries

5. The water table under some of the major grain-producing areas in northern China is falling at a rate of five feet per year, and water tables throughout India are falling an average of 3-10 feet per year.

6. ½ China’s wheat, 1/3 corn Levels dropping 10 ft. or more / year Shift to Deep fossil aquifer (non-replenishable) Agricultural well depths can exceed 1000 feet ($) Municipal well depths can exceed 3000 ft. Shallow aquifer largely depleted (replenishable) China’s grain production has fallen from its historical peak of 392 million tons in 1998 to an estimated 358 million tons in 2005, a drop of 34 million tons. China largely covered the drop-off in production by drawing down its once vast stocks until 2004, at which point it imported 7 million tons of grain.

7. India 21 million wells water table is falling by 6 meters (20 feet) per year falling water tables have dried up 95 percent of the wells owned by small farmers drilling 1000m to reach water agriculture is rain-fed and drinking water is trucked in Population Pakistan is growing by 3 million per year, In the Punjab plain, the drop in water tables appears to be similar to that in India. In the province of Baluchistan, water tables are falling by 3.5 meters per year. within 15 years Quetta will run out of water if the current consumption rate continues Pakistan Quetta

8. 1984 Saudi national survey reported fossil water reserves at 462 billion tons ½ has been depleted irrigated agriculture could last for another decade al-Disi aquifer sandstone aquifer not subject to recharge Saudi Arabia Shared by Saudi Arabia and Jordan Wheat and Soybeans

9. 408 billion gallons per day total withdrawal Thermoelectric power = 50% Irrigation = 30% Public-supply = 10% Industrial = 5% U.S. Water Rainfall: 4,200 billion gal/day

10. Guilty Pleasures http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMITcQUe-9M 5-8 gpm 1.6-2.5 gpm

11. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/sacsq.html How much water do you use?

12. UseGallons per Capita Percentage of Total Daily Use Showers12.617.3% Clothes Washers15.120.9% Dishwashers1.01.3% Toilets20.127.7% Baths1.22.1% Leaks10.013.8% Faucets11.115.3% Other Domestic Uses 1.52.1% Water Usage 74 gallonsTotal

13. How do you conserver water?

14. Peanuts: Domestic water use: 10% Industrial water use: 20% Irrigation water use:70% 1 pound of Rice650 gallons4800 pounds 1 pound of Wheat130 gallons1000 pounds 1 pound of Sugar400 gallons3000 pounds 1 pound of coffee2650 gallons10 tons 1 beer: 66 gallons 1pound = 100 gal

15. Secondary Water Grain Livestock ¼ pounder Quart of milk Pound of cheese 3000 gallons11 tons 1000 gallons>3 tons 650 gallons2.5 tons Carnivores consume 100 times their weight in water each day Vegetarians consume about ½ as much.

16. Breakfast Toast: 40 gal Eggs:130 gal Milk: 265 gal Coffee: 37 gal Sugar: 3 gal Total: 475 gal

17. Yearly Totals Total water: 1500 – 3000 tons Drinking water: 250 - 300 gallons

18. Americans drink more than 1 billion glasses of tap water per day. On average, 50 to 70 percent of home water is used outdoors for watering lawns and gardens. Average household water use annually: 127,400 gallons Average daily household water use : 350 gallons Factoids

19. It takes about 4,776 gallons of water to raise a Christmas tree. To raise the 35 million Christmas trees U.S. families enjoy each year, a total of 167 billion gallons is required. If mothers refresh their floral arrangements and flowering plants during the Mothers' Day week, they will use 2,835,000 gallons of water. After Thanksgiving dinner in 1999, 16.4 million Americans watched football. At halftime, American toilets flushed 16.4 million times and used 48.5 million gallons of water. Water efficient toilets would save us 22.3 million gallons of water. Factoids

20. Where is all the Water?

21. How much water is there? 400 billion billion gallons 326 million mi 3 (one estimate)

22. 688 miles Total Earth Water = Total Earth Water = 326 million mi 3

23. 93 million miles 1 cubic mile Distance to the sun?

24. 326 million mi 3 0.12% of the earth’s volume Where is all this water?

25. Where is all the Water? Oceans, Seas, & Bays Wetlands, Swamps Lakes Soil Moisture Atmosphere Biological Water Rivers Groundwater Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permafrost

26. Where is all the Water? Water source Percent of fresh water Percent of total water Oceans, Seas, & Bays--96.5 Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permafrost69.61.79 Groundwater30.11.7 Lakes0.260.013 Soil Moisture0.050.001 Atmosphere0.040.001 Wetlands, Swamps0.030.0008 Rivers0.0060.0002 Biological Water0.0030.0001 Source: USGS

27. Freshwater Groundwater Lakes Soils Wetlands Rivers 0.775% Atmosphere Biological 0.8%

28. Cycling of Water in the Environment

29. The hydrologic cycle takes place in the hydrosphere, this is the region containing all the water in the atmosphere and on the surface of the earth. The cycle is the movement of water through this hydrosphere. Hydrologic Cycle

30. Condensation Infiltration Runoff Evaporation Precipitation

31. overland flow Evaporation/Transpiration groundwater interflow Fate of Precipitation percolation infiltration

32. Understanding Soil Water: The Water Molecule

33. O H H Water Molecule O Shared electrons Bond of shared electrons H H Shared electrons

34. O H H Electrons are negatively charged, protons positive Oxygen is “electron greedy” Oxygen pulls electrons toward itself and away from hydrogen e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- This pulling of electrons toward itself is called “electronegativity” P+

35. O H e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- Abundant electrons (negative charge) Two protons (+ charge) H P+

36. + + _ Red = lots of e - Blue = few e - Polarity + Electric Dipole

37. Slight negative charge Slight positive charge Polarity Electric Dipole - +

38. - + Orientation Bond - + Opposite charges attract each other

39. Hydrogen Bonding in Water Bonds are ephemeral, continuously breaking and reforming

40. Cohesion

41. The cohesion of water molecules is partly responsible for the overall movement and retention of water in soils Next: Movement of water: Forces and Energies