1. Nanocomposite materials

6. Area of a cube A =6a2

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Therefore we can consider that
A nanocomposite is as a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less than 100 nanometers (nm), or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material.
Phase: A phase is a physically-distinct , chemically homogeneous and mechanically separable region of a system. The various states of aggregation of matter, namely, the gaseous, the liquid and the solid states, form separate phases.
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8. The gases states is always a single phase, as the atoms ( or molecules) in the gas are mixed at atomic (or molecular ) level.
A liquid solution is also a single phase. For example, if salt is dissolved in water, the water molecules, the sodium ions and the chlorine ions are mixed at the atomic level in the solution. A liquid mixture, on the other hand, such as oil and water, form two separate phases, as there is no mixing at the molecular level.
In the solid state, different chemical composition and different crystal structures are possible, so that a solid may consist of several phases.

9. So finally we can say that
Composite materials made from two or more consentient materials with significantly different physical and chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. If the size of at least one of the component constituent in nanometer then the composite is called nanocomposite.

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The definition of nanocomposite material has broadened significantly to include a large variety of systems such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous materials, made of distinctly dissimilar components and mixed at the nanometer scale.
Constituents have at least one dimension in the nanometer scale.
Nanoparticles (Three nano-scale dimensions)
Nanofibers (Two nano-scale dimensions)
Nanoclays (One nano-scale dimensions)
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11. Nanocomposites can be considered solid structures with nanometer-scale dimensional repeat distances between the different phases that constitute the structure.
These materials typically consist of an inorganic (host) solid containing an organic component or vice versa. Or
they can consist of two or more inorganic/organic phases in some combinatorial form with the constraint that at least one of the phases or features be in the nanosize.

12. porous media, colloids, gels, and copolymers.
Extreme examples of nanocomposites can be
porous media, colloids, gels, and copolymers.
A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is dispersed (called dispersed phase) as very fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium. The size of the dispersed molecule is larger than a simple molecule (having diameter between 1 to 1000 nm) but small enough to remain suspended. So colloid is an intermediate state between suspensions and solutions.
A porous medium (or a porous material) is a material containing pores (voids). The pores are typically filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). Many natural substances such as rocks and soil (e.g., aquifers, petroleum reservoirs), zeolites, biological tissues (e.g. bones, wood, cork), and man made materials such as cements and ceramics can be considered as porous media

13. Gel
The colloidal system constituting the liquid as the dispersed phase and the solid as the dispersion medium is known as gel. There are some sols that have a high concentration of dispersed solid and change spontaneously into semi solid form on cooling. These are known as gels and the process is known as gelatin.
Example: gelatin dissolved in warm water . Silicic acid,
Copolymer
When a polymer is made by linking only one type of small molecule, or monomer, together, it is called a homopolymer. When two different types of monomers are joined in the same polymer chain, the polymer is called a copolymer.

14. In general, nanocomposite materials can demonstrate different mechanical, electrical, optical, electrochemical, catalytic, and structural properties than those of each individual component.

15. Properties of Nanocomposite materials
Tiny particels with very high aspect ratio, and hence larger surface area.
Larger surface area enables better adhesion with the matrix/surface.
Improvement in the mechanical performance of the parent material.
Better transparency due to small size(>wavelength of light).
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16. Why Nanocomposites?  Multi-functionality
Small filler size:
High surface to volume ratio
Small distance between fillers  bulk interfacial material
Mechanical Properties
Increased ductility with no decrease of strength,
Scratching resistance
Optical properties
Light transmission characteristics particle size dependent
Traditional
nanocomposite
Stress
polymer
Strain
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Nano composites are found in nature also. It is found in abalone (small or very large-sized edible sea snail) and bones.
Advantage of using the nanocomposites:
•Greater tensile and flexural strength for the same dimension of plastic part
•Reduced weight for the same performance •Increased dimensional stability • Improved gas barrier properties for the same film thickness •Flame retardant properties
•Improved mechanical strength
•Higher electrical conductivity
•Higher chemical resistance
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18. Applications of nanocomposites:
Producing batteries with greater power output. Researchers have developed a method to make anodes for lithium ion batteries from a composite formed with silicon nanospheres and carbon nanoparticles. The anodes made of the silicon-carbon nanocomposite make closer contact with the lithium electrolyte, which allows faster charging or discharging of power.
Speeding up the healing process for broken bones. Researchers have shown that growth of replacement bone is speeded up when a nanotube-polymer nanocomposite is placed as a kind of scaffold which guides growth of replacement bone. The researchers are conducting studies to better understand how this nanocomposite increases bone growth.
Producing structural components with a high strength-to-weight ratio.  For example an epoxy containing carbon nanotubes can be used to produce nanotube-polymer composite windmill blades. This results in a strong but lightweight blade, which makes longer windmill blades practical. These longer blades increase the amount of electricity generated by each windmill.
Using nanocomposites to make flexible batteries. A nanocomposite of cellulous materials and nanotubes could be used to make a conductive paper. When this conductive paper is soaked in an electrolyte, a flexible battery is formed.

19. Making lightweight sensors with nanocomposites
Making lightweight sensors with nanocomposites. A polymer-nanotube nanocomposite conducts electricity; how well it conducts depends upon the spacing of the nanotubes. This property allows patches of polymer-nanotube nanocomposite to act as stress sensors on windmill blades. When strong wind gusts bend the blades the nanocomposite will also bend. Bending changes the nanocomposite sensor's electrical conductance, causing an alarm to be sounded. This alarm would allow the windmill to be shut down before excessive damage occurs.
Making tumors easier to see and remove. Researchers are attempting to join magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescent nanoparticles in a nanocomposite particle that is both magnetic and fluorescent. The magnetic property of the nanocomposite particle makes the tumor more visible during an MRI procedure  done prior to surgery. The fluorescent property of the nanocomposite particle could help the surgeon to better see the tumor while operating.

20. Continue

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22. Nanocomposite as a Multiscale System
Macroscale composite structures
Clustering of nanoparticles - micron scale
Interface - affected zones - several to tens of nanometers - gradient of properties
Polymer chain immobilization at particle surface is controlled by electronic and atomic level structure
0.5 1
1.5 2 3 4 5
unbonded
bonded
diffusion/bulk diffusion
distance from the particle R g
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This large amount of reinforcement surface area means that a relatively small amount of nanoscale reinforcement can have an observable effect on the macroscale properties of the composite. For example, adding carbon nanotubes improves the electricaland thermal conductivity.
Other kinds of nanoparticulates may result in enhanced optical properties, dielectric properties, heat resistance or mechanical properties such as stiffness, strengthand resistance to wear and damage.
In general, the nano reinforcement is dispersed into the matrix during processing. The percentage by weight (called mass fraction) of the nanoparticulates introduced can remain very low (on the order of 0.5% to 5%) due to the low filler percolation threshold, especially for the most commonly used non-spherical, high aspect ratio fillers (e.g. nanometer-thin platelets, such as clays, or nanometer-diameter cylinders, such as carbon nanotubes).
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24. Synthesis of Nanocomposites
Others –
Mechanical Deformation
Thermal recrystallization
Chemical Synthesis: 
Gas Phase Synthesis
Chemical Vapor Condensation
Combustion Flame Synthesis
Liquid Phase Synthesis
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Gas Phase Synthesis (Synthesis of ultra pure metal powders and compounds of metal oxides(ceramics) )
The nano powder formed normally has the same composition as the starting material.
The starting material, which may be a metallic or inorganic material is vaporized using some source of energy
The metal atoms that boil off from the source quickly loose their energy. These clusters of atoms grow by adding atoms from the gas phase and by coalescence
A cold finger is a cylindrical device cooled by liquid nitrogen. The nano particles collect on the cold finger
The cluster size depends on the particle residence time and is also influenced by the gas pressure, the kind of inert gas, i.e. He, Ar or Kr and on the evaporation rate of the starting material. The size of the nano particle increases with increasing gas pressure, vapor pressure and mass of the inert gas used.
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26. Chemical Vapor Condensation
the precursor vapor is passed through a hot walled reactor. The precursor decomposes and nano particles nucleate in the gas phase. The nano particles are carried by the gas stream and collected on a cold finger. The size of the nano particles is determined by the particle residence time, temperature of the chamber, precursor composition and pressure.
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27. Combustion Flame Synthesis
Energy to decompose the precursor may be supplied by burning a fuel-air mixture with the precursor. In order to reduce agglomeration of the particles in the flame, the flame is specially designed to be low pressure.
If you have observed the flame of a candle, you would have noticed that the flame consist of a blue center and a yellow to red periphery. This is because the temperature in the flame varies with position in the flame. Such a variation in the temperature profile of the flame would cause nanoparticles of different sizes to grow in the different regions of the flame. This is avoided by designing the flame to have a 'flat temperature profile' i.e. a constant temperature across its width.
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28. Liquid Phase Synthesis
Two chemicals are chosen such that they react to produce the material we desire
An emulsion is made by mixing a small volume of water in a large volume of the organic phase. A surfactant is added. The size of the water droplets are directly related to the ratio of water to surfactant. The surfactant collects at the interface between the water and the organic phase. If more surfactant were to be added, smaller drops would be produced and therefore, as will become apparent, smaller nano-particles.
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The progress in nano composites is varied and covers many industries.
Nano Composites can be made with a variety of enhanced physical, thermal and other unique properties.
They have properties that are superior to conventional micro scale composites synthesized using simple and inexpensive techniques.
Materials are needed to meet a wide range of energy efficient applications with light weight, high mechanical strength, unique color, electrical properties and high reliability in extreme environments.
Applications could be diverse as biological implant materials, electronic packages and automotive or aircraft components. Although some of the properties will be common between the applications, others will be quite different.
An electronic package polymer composite must be electrically insulating, while an aircraft component may need to be electrically conductive to dissipate charge from lighting strikes.
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The additions of small amounts of nano particles to polymers have been able to enable new properties for the composite material, but results are highly dependent on the surface treatment of the nano particles and processing used.
It is important to determine whether nano materials could be integrated into nano composite to enable multiple desirable properties for a given application.
While industry is seeking materials to meet challenges with unique properties, there are no “rule of mixtures” to identify how to mix multiple nano materials in a composite structure and all required properties nano materials often have unique properties that could enable composite materials with multiple unique properties simultaneously; however, it is often challenging to achieve these properties in large scale nano composite materials.
Furthermore, it is important that nano materials have desirable properties that can’t be achieved through use of conventional chemicals and materials.
To access the positional value of nano materials, it is important to determine which nano materials can be effectively integrated into nano composites and what new or improved properties this enables.
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Then it will be important to determine the effectiveness of dispersion of the nano particles in the matrix and how this affects the structure of the polymer to enable optimization of the desired property.
Once the basic models of this are developed, it will be resulting structure and properties of the nano composite.
One nano composite may be required to improve the mechanical property, ad another may be required to change the electrical properties; however the addition of electrical material may also change the mechanical properties of the nano composite trough interactions with the polymer and nano particles.
Thus, models of the interactions within the nano composite are needed to enable development of effective rules of mixtures.
This may require a combination of numerical modeling, characterization and informatics to enable this nano composite with properties by design capability.
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As this capability is developed, it will be important to characterize the interactions of the nano particles with environmental effects including moisture, temperature and stress to assess potentional degradation of the nano composite’s properties through its life.
Thus, the nano composite must have multiple new and unique properties for a specific application, but those properties must not degrade significantly through the life of the material.
Developing these capabilities will require significant research into interactions of the nano materials in the polymer matrix and how these are changed with temperature, moisture and mechanical stress.
In general, two idealized polymer layered nano composite structures are possible; intercalated and exfoliated. The greatest property enhancements are generally observed for exfoliated nano composites. These consist of individual nano meter filler layers suspended in a polymer matrix. In contrast, intercalated hybrids consist of well ordered multilayer’s with alternating polymer / nano mater filter layers with a repeat distance of a new nano meters. In reality many systems fall short of the idealized exfoliated morphology.
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33. Engineering Properties of Materials
The mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, electrochemical, catalytic properties of the nanocomposite will differ markedly from that of the component materials.
Normal stress is the state leading to expansion or contraction. The formula for computing normal stress is:
Where, s is the stress, P is the applied force; and A is the cross-sectional area. The units of stress are Newtons per square meter (N/m2 or Pascal, Pa). Tension is positive and compression is negative.
Normal strain is related to the deformation of a body under stress. The normal strain, e, is defined as the change in length of a line, DL, over it’s original length, L. P L DL A
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Young's modulus of elasticity (E) is a measure of the stiffness of the material. It is defined as the slope of the linear portion of the normal stress-strain curve of a tensile test conducted on a sample of the material.
Yield strength, sy, and ultimate strength, su, are points shown on the stress-strain curve below.
For uniaxial loading (e.g., tension in one direction only): s = E e s 1 E
Stress, s
Strain, e su sy
Rupture
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Shear stress, t, is the state leading to distortion of the material (i.e., the 90o angle changes). The corresponding change in angle, in Radians, is called shear strain, g. The slope of the linear portion of the t-g is called shear modulus of elasticity, G. 1 G
Stress, t
Strain, g
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Poisson’s ratio, n, is another property defined by the negative of the ratio of transverse strain, e2, over the longitudinal strain, e1, due to stress in the longitudical direction, s1. 1 2 s1
Original shape e2 e1
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Anisotropic materials have different properties in different directions. In the most general case, they are defined by 21 independent constants. Special cases include:
Orthotropic: wood and some composites
Transversely isotropic: some continuous fiber reinforced composites
Fibers
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A group of Chinese researchers prepared dye synthesized solar using micro / nano composite TiO2 porous films.
Bloo solar is developing and manufacturing revolutionary nano structured ultra thin film solar PV products that will provide affordable clean renewable energy for everyone.
In addition to a large potentional impact on solar energy production, nano composites also have an impact on nuclear energy.
Nano composites also can save energy when incorporated into paints; TAG technology has developed a nano particle that when added to paint only allows heat flow in one direction.
Nano composites also influence other industries, such as computers and plastics, coatings, magnets, water remediation and medical equipment. Various other fields and composite properties are also influenced by incorporation of nano materials.
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Other industries are also influenced by nano composites, including computers, electronic magnetic, industrial components, water remediation and medical devices.
Nano composite permanent magnet materials are a new type of permanent magnet material consisting of magnetically hard and soft grains, both in nano meter size.
Those materials have a high potential to be developed into high performance permanent magnets with very high energy product. The new magnets will have lower cost, high magnetic performance, and better corrosion resistance as a result of the significantly reduced rare earth content.
The new magnets will also have improved fracture toughness as a result of fine nano grain structure and the existence of a relatively soft α-Fe.
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Nano composites of cyanate esters were prepared by dispersing organically modified layered silicates (OLS) into the resin. Inclusion of only 2.5% by weight of OLS led to a marked improvement in physical and thermal properties.
The mechanical response of nano scale materials and structure has important implications diverse areas of science spanning topics that include understanding of biological recognition, development of light weight structural materials, to exploration of new concepts for switches and chemical sensors.
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Engineering Applications: Composite materials have been used in aerospace, automobile, and marine applications (see Figs. 1-3). Recently, composite materials have been increasingly considered in civil engineering structures. The latter applications include seismic retrofit of bridge columns (Fig. 4), replacements of deteriorated bridge decks (Fig. 5), and new bridge structures (Fig. 6).
Figure Figure Figure 3
Figure Figure Figure 6
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Thank you
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