1. Islam A Brief Introduction

2. Some Initial Ideas slm or salaam  Peace or Wholeness  Submission Participial Form – Muslim – one who submits

3. Figures 1.2 million Muslims 56 countries Fastest growing religion in the world Only 20% of Muslims are Arab  Most Arabs are Muslim; most Muslims are not Arab Largest Muslim population is in Indonesia

4. Muhammad Born c.570 CE near Makkah Father Abdullah Mother Amina Grandfather Abd-al- Muttalib Uncle Abu-Talib

5. Major Life Events Met Khadijah at 25 610 first of his revelations 619 Abu-Talib dies; marries Sawdah

6. Lailat ul-Miraj Night of Ascents Conversations with important figures in biblical history Muslim rules for prayer revealed

7. More Life Events Fled from Makkah to Yathrib in 622 Yathrib becomes Madinat or City of the Prophet Madinat and Makkah at war for a number of years Muhammad eventually rules both cities before his death in 632.

8. Caliphate caliph = successor Four Rightly Guided Caliphs  Abu Bakr (632-634)  Umar ibn al-Khattab (634- 644)  Uthman ibn Affan (644- 656)  Ali (656-661)

9. Questions of Succession Ali  Married to Fatima (only surviving child of Muhammad and Khadijah)  Cousin of Muhammad  Partisans who favored him called Shiah Once Ali was caliph  Challenged by Aisha (widow of Muhammad and daughter of Abu Bakr)  Mu’awiyah (Umayyad and governor of Syria)  Kharajites  Umayyad Dynasty 661-750

10. Sunni and Shia(h) 85% Sunni Four Rightly Guided Political and Military leadership key – not religious 15% Shiah Power grab by Sunni Direct descendents of prophet’s family Not a prophet but still inspired

11. Shiah Zaydi or Fivers  Zayd ibn Alia  Yemen 893-1963 Isma’ili or Seveners  Jafar al-Sadiq  Agha Khan Twelvers  Muhammad al-Muntazar  mujtahids Current Agha Khan

12. Sufi Tariqah – spiritual or interior path Started as a reform movement Feasting, poverty, celibacy, rhythmic chanting, breathing exercises, whirling dervish

13. Five Pillars of Islam Basic Duties and Obligations of all Muslims Explain the relationship between the believer and Allah Number One: Shahadah  There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger  Public declaration before two witnesses

14. Number Two: Salah Five times daily  Fajr, zuhr, asr, maghrib, isha Wudu or ritual cleansing No shoes Proper Dress Rakah Salat al-jama’ah

15. Number Three: Zakah Purity Charity At the end of the year, if you have 85 grams of gold after expenses, you give at a rate of 2.5%

16. Number Four: Sawm or Fasting During the month of Ramadan No food, water, smoking or sex during daylight hours Menstruating, pregnant, nursing women are exempt as are the sick, elderly, and young children Those in military service or on a long journey are also exempt Donate cost of meals if you cannot do the fast

17. Number Five: Hajj or Pilgrimage Dhu al-Hijah Haram Ihram Tawaf Ka’aba Once in your lifetime

18. Scripture Qur’an means ‘recitation’ It was revealed to Muhammad over 23 yrs (610-622) by the angel Gabriel Oral and fluid in his lifetime The “Satanic Verses” were once heard, but later declared not right

19. More on the Qur’an Zayd ibn Thabit  Abu Bakr  Uthman 114 surahs  Verses are ayah/ayat Tajwid – proper pronunciation Tilawah – reading with all of your heart, soul, mind, strength

20. Hadith Talk or speech  Story or matn  List of names or isnad Hadith qudsi  Divine revelations Hadith sharif  About Muhammad’s life Provide the Sunnah or the foundation used to develop Shariah (Islamic legal system

21. Shariah Four Sources  Qur’an  Hadith  Qiyas (analytical reasoning) Use analogies  Ijma (Consensus) Ulama or religious scholars Two Main Divisions  Ibadat Fundamental duties or obligations  Muamalat Contract, International, Family Law. Social Duties.

22. Wahhabi Muhammad ibn Abd- Wahab (1703-1791) Muwahiddun Brotherhood of Ikhwan Neo-Wahabbism  Ikhwan  Salifiyya  Taliban Key Dates  1811  1818  1821-1833  1884  1889  1902  1932