1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Living Religions A Brief Introduction 3 rd Edition Mary Pat Fisher

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter 10 Islam Pre-Islamic Arabia The Prophet Muhammad The Qur’an The central teachings The Five Pillars Sunni and Shi’a Sufism The spread of Islam Relationships with the West Muslim resurgence

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Key terms Allah barakah caliph Dervishes dhimmis Fatiha fatwa hajj Hadith hijab hijrah ijtihad Imams infidel Islam Islamists jihad jinn kufr madrasas muezzin mujahid murshid Paraclete Shahadah Shari’ah shaykh Shi’a shirk Sufism Sunnah Sunni Taliban tariqas ulama ummah Wahhabism zakat

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Timeline c. 570-632 CE c. 610 622 650 661-750 680 732 750-1258 980-1037 1099-1187 1453 1492 1556-1605 1800s-1900s 1973 Life of Prophet Muhammad Revelation of Qur’an to Muhammad begins The hijrah (migration) from Mecca to Medina Written text of Qur’an established Umayyad caliphate Martyrdom of Husayn at Karbala Muslims defeated at Tours, France Abbasid caliphate: Islam’s cultural peak Life of Avicenna, major rationalist philosopher Crusaders hold Jerusalem Turks take Constantinople, rename it Istanbul Granada, last Spanish Muslim state, falls Akbar, Mogul emperor of India Muslim areas fall to Europeans Muslim states cut off oil to America

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Prophet Muhammad Muslims consider Muhammad to be the final prophet in a chain of prophets who brought monotheism While God is the focus and sole authority within Islam, Muhammad’s life story is important as a model of Qur’anic teachings Muhammad’s life became a model for Muslims to follow; those who knew him commented on his nobility, humility, and kindness The revelations of the Qur’an speak not of a contemplative life of withdrawal, but of the need for Muslims to fight oppression and corruption and establish moral order in the world

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Qur’an The Qur’an [“Koran” is an alternate, less preferable spelling] contains the revelations Muhammad received, which affirm God’s unity and also direct life in human society

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Central Teachings The oneness of God and of humanity Prophethood and the compass of Islam Human relationship to the divine The unseen life The Last Judgment

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Five Pillars Belief and witness: unity of God and Muhammad’s messengership Daily prayers: praying facing Mecca five times daily Zakat: donating a certain percentage of one’s income to charity Fasting: obligatory during the month of Ramadan Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sunnis and Shi’as The issue of Muhammad’s successor led to a split between two factions: the Sunni (roughly eighty percent of Muslims) and the Shi’a

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sunnis Sunnis or “people of the Sunnah” emphasize the authority of the Qur’an and the Hadith and Sunnah Their understanding is that Muhammad did not appoint a successor but rather left this up to the Muslim community or ummah For Sunnis, the caliph is the leader of worship and the administrator of the sacred law of Islam, Shari’ah

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Islamic Law There are different systems of Islamic law, and varying interpretations of those laws In general, shari’ah is based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah; its dictates are applicable to all areas of life from diet to inheritance to social justice It is frequently noted that shari’ah gave women rights they did not have in the west until the nineteenth century (e.g. the right to inherit, to divorce)

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Shi’a Shi’a Muslims are: devoted to the memory of Muhammad and his close relatives revere a succession of seven or twelve Imams (leaders, guides) rather than the Sunni caliphs

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sufism Sufism, the mystical tradition of Islam, dates back to Muhammad’s lifetime Forms of Sufism are found in both Sunni and Shi’a Islam Sufism has often stood in contrast to more legalistically oriented approaches to Islamic life, to the extent that some orthodox Sunnis do not consider Sufis to be Muslim

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Spread of Islam Islam spread rapidly as both a spiritual and secular power The stereotypical image of forced conversions by the sword is false; the more typical means of conversion came through personal contacts in trade, in the appeal of charismatic Sufis, and the example of particular Muslims

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Islamic Culture The Abbasids took over the caliphate in 750 CE, and moved the capital to Baghdad A period of great intellectual and artistic activity followed Islam absorbed, transmitted, and expanded upon traditions from other cultures, such as Persian art and poetry

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Eastward Expansion Islam also moved eastward through central Asia into India and beyond The Mongols and the Turks converted to Islam

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Relationship with the West Many Christians in medieval Europe denounced Islam and Muhammad, portraying Muhammad as an idolater and Islam as a polytheistic faith The legacy of such negative characterizations of Islam persists in the West to the present Both Christianity and Islam consider themselves the ultimate religion

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Islam in the West Islam is the fastest growing religion in the United States, and may be the second largest religion in the country About two thirds of American Muslims are immigrants and their descendants The remainder are converts, most of whom are African-­ American

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Muslim Resurgence Most of the world’s oil-rich nations are predominantly Muslim Oil wealth led to social change in many Muslim nations; in response, some Muslims turned to Islam as a blueprint for modern political rule While modern industrial societies have tended to make religion a private matter, some contemporary Muslim reformers seek to create societies in which religious principles imbue all aspects of life

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Tradition and Modern Life In some countries, such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, particular versions of Shari’ah take primacy over European-derived legal codes Many women Muslim scholars are conducting a reexamination of the Qur’an and Hadith for new understandings of women’s issues There is no political unit of global Islam, and no single understanding of what a modern Islamic state should be

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Outreach and Education Muslim outreach is on the increase, often using modern forms of mass communication such as satellite television

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Islam in Politics Muslims and non-Muslims are concerned with the role various forms of Islam play in politics, especially interpretations of Islam linked to suicide terrorist attacks, and forms of Islam which express antagonism towards the West The violence of groups such as al-Qaeda and Palestinian suicide bombers has led to growing anti­Muslim sentiment despite efforts by many prominent Muslim leaders to distance their faith from such acts, arguing that the Qur’an provides no sanction whatsoever for terrorist acts

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Islam for the Future Religious modernists, Islamists, and secularists are all trying to understand the roots of extremism in Islam and devise alternative means of relating to a changing world While Western media may focus on sensational manifestations of Islamism, there are many currents of forward-looking thought within Islam