1. The Phylogeny of Vertebrates

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3. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Get Started  Strawberry  Apple  Orange By what specific physical characteristic could we classify the following fruits into two groups?

4. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Introduction  A character is a recognizable structure, function, or behavior of an organism.  A homologous character, or homology, is shared by taxa and their common ancestor. Read the introduction.

5. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Introduction  Shared derived characters are homologies shared by all populations of a single species or group of species descended from a common ancestor.  An evolutionary tree, or tree, is a branched diagram for classifying taxa that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships of taxa.

6. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates LevelNorthern Red Oak Tree MouseE. coliHouse Cat HumanChimpanzee DomainEukarya BacteriaEukarya KingdomPlantaeAnimaliaEubacteriaAnimalia PhylumMagnoliophytaChordataProteobacteriaChordata ClassMagnoliopsidaMammaliaGamma Proteobacteria Mammalia OrderFagalesRodentiaEnterobacterialesCarnivoraPrimates FamilyFagaceaeMuridaeEnterobacteriaceaeFelidaeHominidae GenusQuercusMusEscherichiaFelisHomoPan SpeciesQuercus rubraMus musculus Escherichia coliFelis domesticus Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes Taxonomy

7. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates  How do you test a tree hypothesis for a group of taxa? Challenge

8. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Vertebrate Forelimbs

9. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Procedure  All of the taxa share a common ancestor that had forelimbs with similar structures. The taxa gradually evolved as certain features enabled them to take advantage of opportunities in their environment. Procedure Step 3

10. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Homology and Analogy

11. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Character Matrix for Six Vertebrates CharacterLampreyFrogBirdWhalePigHuman Pelvic remnants (small portion of what was once a whole pelvis) 000100 Body hair000111 Amniotic egg001111 Forelimbs011111 Vertebral column (backbone) 111111 Procedure

12. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Vertebrate Tree

13. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Vertebrate Tree

14. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Branched Tree

15. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Hypotheses for Vertebrate Phylogeny

16. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Procedure  Add information from this activity or a previous activity to support whether any of the statements are correct or incorrect. Return to Student Sheet 3.1, “Ideas about Evolution”

17. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Follow Up  Based on the tree you chose: ◦ Which are more closely related to humans: birds or frogs? Support your answer with evidence. ◦ Which are more distantly related to birds: humans or lampreys? Support your answer with evidence. ◦ Which group shares a more recent common ancestor with whales: pigs or humans? Support your answer with evidence. Analysis 3

18. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Follow Up  Based on the portion of a tree shown below, what can you say about the relationship of taxa X to horses and humans? Analysis 4

19. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates  How do you test a tree hypothesis for a group of taxa? Revisit the Challenge

20. Activity 7: The Phylogeny of Vertebrates Key Vocabulary  character  clade  evidence  evolutionary tree  homologous character  homology  hypothesis  node  phylogenetics  shared derived character  taxa  taxon Key Vocabulary