1. MAN DOES NOT COME FROM APES. WE SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.
Evolution
GIANT MISCONCEPTION
MAN DOES NOT COME FROM APES.
WE SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.

2. What is the theory of EVOLUTION?
Scientific explanation vs. Religious explanation
Different theories of evolution exist. In this class we will only focus on the scientific theory. You are a free thinking individual and have the right to believe in the theory of your choice!

3. Evolution Evolution is a change over a period of time.
Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

5. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
In 1809, Lamarck proposed that by choosing to use, or not use, an organ, different organisms acquired or lost certain traits over time. These traits could be passed on to offspring; and in this process a species changed over time.

6. A closer look at Lamarck
Principle of Use and Disuse – organisms can control and change their size and shape by using their bodies in different ways.
By trying to use their front limbs
for flying Birds eventually
changed limbs into wings.

7. A closer look at Lamarck continued…
Principle of Acquired Traits – the concept that acquired characteristics could be inherited.
During its lifetime
an animal somehow can
change its body structure

9. According to Lamarck if you spend your life lifting weights your children will have giant muscles too!
Yeah!
Pump it UP

11. Charles Darwin – the man, the myth, the legend!
Born in England in 1809 Darwin set sail on an adventure that would change the world of science!
He is considered the “father of evolution”

12. H.M.S. Beagle

13. Some of Darwin’s Questions
Why are there no rabbits in Australia when the environment is perfect for rabbits?
Why are there no kangaroos in England?
Why do fossils sometimes resemble species that are still alive?

14. Glyptodon
Fossil
Armadillo

16. Saddle back tortoise – Hood Island, Galapagos

17. Dome Shelled Tortoise – Isabela Island, Galapagos

18. Beaks of Finches
Darwin noticed 14 different beak shapes in the finches he saw on the Galapagos
The beaks seemed well adapted to the available food sources on the different islands.

21. Flightless cormorant Only found on two of the Galapagos islands.
Only 800 pairs left
Lost ability to fly

22. Blue Footed Booby Video

23. Putting Darwin’s Ideas Together
Darwin did not complete his conclusions about evolution until 29 years after he began his journey to the Galapagos
He summarized his findings in his revolutionary book, THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES in 1859

24. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Natural Variation - there are differences among individuals within all species

25. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Evolution by Natural Selection
Struggle for existence
Survival of the fittest

28. The Struggle for Existence
Members of each species regularly compete for food, living space, and other necessary resources.
Stronger male lions are more likely
to get food, protect their range, and
have a pride of females ready and
willing to mate!

29. Survival of the Fittest
Fitness – the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
Adaptation – fitness is a result of adaptation, or inherited characteristics that increase an organism’s chance of survival and increases the chance of reproducing

30. What happens when a species is does not have an adaptation that is necessary to its environment?
EXTINCTION

34. Peppered vs. Non-peppered Moths
After the industrial revolution in Europe, soot covered many of the trees in industrial areas. Which moth do you think is most fit for the soot covered tree environment?

35. Green vs. Brown Grasshoppers

36. Types of adaptations
Camouflage – ability to blend in with one’s surroundings

40. Countershading

41. Mimicry

42. Hazard colors warn predators that they are toxic!

43. Poisonous Coral Snake

44. Poisonous Berries

46. How do we get these adaptations?
Adaptations occur when there is a genetic mutation in an organism’s DNA
Sometimes the mutation is favorable, or helpful.

47. Darwin’s Evolution
Common Descent – all living things share common ancestry
Man does NOT come from apes, but man and apes share a common ancestor

48. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record Geographic Distribution
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures
Analogous Structures
Embryology
DNA evidence

49. The Fossil Record
Fossils that formed in rock over the course of time are evidence that species have been gradually changing for millions of years.

50. Geographic Distribution
How could finches on different islands be so different than finches from the mainland?

51. Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures – different body parts from various species have different functions yet are composed of the same bones and all stem from the same embryonic cells

52. Homologous Structures

54. Vestigial Structures
Vestigial structures / organs – a structure or organ that has no function
May be evidence that the structure was useful to a common ancestor

55. Vestigial Structure in Whales

56. Structures that were thought to be vestigial
Structures that were thought to be vestigial. We now know the function of some structures.

57. Analogous Structures
Structures that share the same function but is NOT derived from a common ancestor

58. Embryonic Evidence
In the early embryonic stages of development many vertebrates (animals with backbones) are so similar they are difficult to tell apart.

60. DNA Evidence of Evolution
Humans and Bonobos share 98.4% of the same DNA

61. Cladograms-diagrams that show evolutionary relationships

66. SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
In general, simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms.

68. Punctuated Equilibrium/Evolution
States that evolution of species occurs very abruptly. Cladograms have abrupt right angles on branches.

69. Gradualism
Cladograms show that evolution of species occurs over the course of a long period of time

70. Currently gradualism is the accepted theory of evolution