1. Classification and phylogeny

2. Early classification schemes Fish & whales Flies & birds Frogs & alligators Squirrels & monkeys

3. Early classification schemes Fish & whales Flies & birds Frogs & alligators Squirrels & monkeys Swim in water Fly in air Crawl in mud Climb in trees

4. Early classification schemes Honeybee: Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatis Apis mellifera

5. Early classification schemes Honeybee: Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatis Apis mellifera Linnaeus introduced: binomial nomenclature hierarchical classification

6. Hierarchical classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

9. How the leopard got its spots

10. Phylogenetic trees are a visual representation of the fact that species are related by descent from a common ancestor

11. Phylogeny Anagensis (phyletic evolution) - successional changes within a single lineage Cladogenesis (phylogenetic branching) - splits along ancestral line that cause species multiplication (ie. appearance of new clades, clusters of species)

12. homology - same feature in different species, derived from common ancestor parallelism - similar feature occurs in different species, but common ancestor was different convergence - similar feature arose independently in different species

14. Monophyletic - organisms derive from a single ancestral population Paraphyletic - does not include all descendents from the ancestral population Polyphyletic - organisms arrived independently at a particular grade of organization Phylogeny

16. MonophyleticParaphyletic

17. Paraphyletic groups

18. Phenetics - applies numerical taxonomy to arranging groups into genera & higher ranks Cladistics - every significant evolutionary step marks a dichotomous branch Evolutionary classification - incorporates genealogical relationship between groups with evolutionary distance Phylogeny

19. Characterabcd 11100 21100 31110 41110 51110 61110 70100 80100 90100 101010 111001 Phenetics

20. abcda-673b-40c-5d-abcda-673b-40c-5d- acbdacbd similarity Phenetics B = (BA + BC)/2 B = 5 D = 0

21. Phenograms do not necessarily represent phylogenetic relationships Similarity - number of character states 2 species share Relationship - how recently they diverged from a common ancestor Phenetics

22. Cladistics Characterabcd 11100 21100 31110 41110 51110 61110 70100 80100 90100 101010 111001 0 pleisomorphic 1 apomorphic

23. Cladistics abcda-640b-40c-0d-abcda-640b-40c-0d- abcdabcd 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

24. Synapomorphies arise at evolutionary branch points

25. Taxonomy Characters must be independent homologous Evolutionary relationships only revealed by shared, derived traits = synapomorphies

26. Terminology plesiomorphy symplesiomorphy apomorphy synapomorphy autapomorphy

29. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors

30. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution

31. Convergent evolution (convergence) Parallel evolution (parallelism) Evolutionary reversals Homoplasy

32. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ

33. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ 4 evolution is often gradual

34. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ 4 evolution is often gradual 5 characteristics often owe their change in form to change in function

35. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ 4 evolution is often gradual 5 characteristics often owe their change in form to change in function 6 phylogenetic analysis documents evolutionary trends

36. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ 4 evolution is often gradual 5 characteristics often owe their change in form to change in function 6 phylogenetic analysis documents evolutionary trends 7 most clades display evolutionary radiation

40. Cladistics Characterabcd 11100 21100 31110 41110 51110 61110 70100 80100 90100 101010 111001 0 pleisomorphic 1 apomorphic

41. Cladistics abcda-640b-40c-0d-abcda-640b-40c-0d- abcdabcd 11 10