1. MLA Style A Guide to Citing Sources
First things first: What is a citation?
MLA citation style
Why you need to cite your sources
How to cite your sources
Works Cited list
Parenthetical citations

2. First things first: What is a citation?
A citation is a reference to a source used in a research project.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.
Whenever you use another person’s ideas or words in a research paper, you must cite, or give credit, to that person.
That’s called citing your source.

3. MLA citation style
Citations must be accurate and standard so that anyone who reads your research can easily find the information you used.
MLA style is a standard way of citing sources. This means each source you use should be formatted in a specific way.
MLA style was developed by the Modern Language Association.

4. Why you need to cite your sources
There are three important reasons to cite
your sources.
to find information
to show that you
understand your topic
to avoid plagiarism

5. Why you need to cite your sources
Citations help you remember where you got your information.
You can return to a source for more information or to clarify facts.
Citations help your readers locate information when they want to do more research.

6. Why you need to cite your sources
Citations show that your research was careful and thorough.
They also show that other people support what you’ve written about your topic.

7. Why you need to cite your sources
Citations give credit to people whose ideas you use.
Plagiarism is using someone else’s ideas or knowledge without giving that person credit. Avoid plagiarism by giving people credit for their ideas and their words.

8. How to cite your sources
Use two ways to cite your sources.
At the end of your paper, add a Works Cited list.
Within the paper, use parenthetical citations.

9. How to cite your sources
A Works Cited list is a list of all the sources you used in your research paper. Here are some entries for part of a Works Cited list.
Crane, Cody. “In the Shadow of a Volcano.” Science World 4 Feb. 2008:
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.

10. Works Cited list Books
Here is the basic format for a book entry in a Works Cited list.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. Book Title. City of publication: Publisher’s name, year of publication.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.

11. Works Cited list Periodicals
Periodicals are publications that are published regularly, or periodically, such as newspapers, magazines, and journals.

12. Works Cited list Periodicals
Here’s the basic format for a magazine article entry for the Works Cited list.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s).
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s).
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s).
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s).
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s).
Author’s last name, Author’s first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name day Month year: page number(s).
Crane, Cody. “In the Shadow of a Volcano.” Science World 4 Feb. 2008:
Crane, Cody. “In the Shadow of a Volcano.” Science World 4 Feb. 2008:
Crane, Cody. “In the Shadow of a Volcano.” Science World 4 Feb. 2008:
Crane, Cody. “In the Shadow of a Volcano.” Science World 4 Feb. 2008:
Crane, Cody. “In the Shadow of a Volcano.” Science World 4 Feb. 2008:
Crane, Cody. “In the Shadow of a Volcano.” Science World 4 Feb. 2008:
If the article isn’t printed on consecutive pages, give the first page and a plus sign.
Bruce, Victoria. “No Apparent Danger.” National Geographic Adventure Mar.-Apr. 2001: 112+.
Bruce, Victoria. “No Apparent Danger.” National Geographic Adventure Mar.-Apr. 2001: 112+.

13. Works Cited list Citing nonprint sources
There are many other kinds of sources besides books and magazines. You might use TV programs, DVDs, CDs, or Web sites.
Web sites can be very useful as source material, but you must cite them properly.

14. Works Cited list Citing nonprint sources: Web site
Here’s the basic format for a Web site entry for the Works Cited list.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>.
Author’s last name, Author’s first name (if known). “Document Title.” Title of Web Site. day Month year of publication (or last update). Name of Sponsoring Institution. day Month year of access <URL>.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.
Wood, Chuck. “Current Volcanic Activity.” Volcano World. 13 Sept NASA North Dakota Space Grant Consortium. 29 Oct < current.html>.

15. Works Cited list
Sources are put in the Works Cited list in alphabetical order, double-spaced, and indented one-half inch.
Here is an example of a final Works Cited list.
Works Cited
Crane, Cody. “In the Shadow of a Volcano.” Science World 4 Feb. 2008:
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.

16. Parenthetical citations
Listing all your sources in the Works Cited list is an important part of your research paper.
In the body of your paper, you also need to tell exactly where you found any information that came from other sources.
You do that using a parenthetical citation.

17. Parenthetical citations
A parenthetical citation appears in the body of your paper wherever you use another person’s ideas, facts, or words.
A parenthetical citation always refers to a source in your Works Cited list.

18. Parenthetical citations
To create a parenthetical citation, give the author’s last name and the page number(s) from the source. Put this information in parentheses at the end of the sentence, before the final punctuation.
The earth’s climate can be affected if volcanic gases go into the earth’s stratosphere and form a dark mist (Walker 37).
The earth’s climate can be affected if volcanic gases go into the earth’s stratosphere and form a dark mist (Walker 37).
Readers can now find complete information about the source in your Works Cited list.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.
Walker, Sally. Volcanoes: Earth’s Inner Fire. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda, 1994.

19. Parenthetical citations
If the author’s name appears in the sentence, you need to cite only the page number(s) in parentheses.
Walker claims that the earth’s climate can be affected if volcanic gases go into the earth’s stratosphere and form a dark mist (37).
Walker claims that the earth’s climate can be affected if volcanic gases go into the earth’s stratosphere and form a dark mist (37).
For sources without page numbers, like most Web sites, you should include the author’s name or the title of the source within the text instead of using parentheses.
Chuck Wood reports that there are as many as 22 volcanoes worldwide experiencing ongoing eruptions.
Chuck Wood reports that there are as many as 22 volcanoes worldwide experiencing ongoing eruptions.

20. Your Turn
All the examples in this presentation can be found in the Works Cited List Model, which is part of the Student Handouts for the MLA/APA Styles feature.
The handouts Your Turn: Create MLA Source Citations and Your Turn: Create MLA Parenthetical Citations also provide opportunities to practice creating sources and parenthetical citations.

21. The End