1. History of Oceanography http://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htm

2. Micronesian - Polynesian colonization of Pacific Ocean Islands 5000 – 1000 BP Micronesian & Polynesian colonized Pacific Islands Advanced Open Ocean Navigation Double Hull Canoes

3. http://www.monash.edu.au/APJCN/Vol4/Num4/44p361.htm

5. Hurles et al 2003

6. Polynesian Colonization http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/pvs/

7. Polynesian Sidereal Compass http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

8. Polynesian Sidereal Compass http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

9. Example Navigation Leg http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/

10. Early Ocean Mapping Polynesians

12. Mediterranean Cultures 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England –Mediterranean wide maritime trade –Coastal settlements –Coastal navigation

13. Phoenician Ships http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/phoenecian-ships.htm

14. http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/0298MC02.gif

15. http://www.mauigateway.com/~donjusko/final.htg/murexbrandaris_trunculus.jpg http://www.loretonh.nsw.edu.au/religion

16. Mediterranean Cultures 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England –Mediterranean wide maritime trade –Coastal settlements –Coastal navigation Greek and Roman Civilizations

17. http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/~cannon/medports/Gibraltar/roll_cloud.html

20. Middle Ages Chinese Invent Magnetic Compass Vikings and Basque Travel to N. America Arabs cross navigate Indian Ocean Christopher Columbus “Discovers” America Juan Sebastian Elcano – First Round the World voyage (24 of 260 sailors) James Cook’s Voyages (chronometer)

23. Chronometer for Longitude

24. Lemons for Scurvey

26. Benjamin Franklin & Timothy Folger (1769)

28. Voyage of the HMS Beagle 1831-1836

29. Evolution of Coral Reefs Fringe reefs Barrier reefs Atolls

30. Edward Forbes (1840’s) Bottom Dredging in E. Mediterranean 8 Depth zones, based on different organisms AZOIC Zone below 600m –Azoic Theory –Too cold, too dark, no oxygen –No Life

31. Challenger Expedition (1872 – 1876) HMS Challenger 226’ fixed rig Corvette 230 crewmembers; 7 Scientists 125000 km Objectives –Map Ocean’s bottom –Investigate the Azoic Zone –Search for ‘Primitive Organisms’ (stable environment) –Study Bathybeus haecklii (Huxley); “primordial slime”

32. HMS Challenger

33. HMS CHALLENGER 1872 – 1876

36. Challenger Expedition (1872 – 1876) Scientific Results - 50 Volumes (23 Years) –Extensive Bathymetric Maps –No Azoic zone –Found temperature variability in deep waters (not all 4 o C) –No Evidence of “primitive fauna” –Description of 4717 new species –Bathybeus haecklii = Alcohol precipitate of carbon sulphate –Discovery Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench

37. SIO

38. WHOI

39. Ocean Resources

43. http://www.greenet.pl/piosta/gal/bona_2_star.jpg

44. http://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/030110-N-9851B-082.jpg

45. http://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/960916-V-0000B-009.jpg

47. http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/

48. Ocean Resources Fisheries Transportation & Trade Military Use Offshore Oil, Gas & Minerals Recreation & Aesthetics

49. Law of the Sea Treaty - 1973 Territorial Seas - 12 nm Procedures for Ocean boundaries Right of Free Passage through Straits Exclusive Economic Zones –200 nm –Can extend out to 350nm –Jurisdiction over: Fisheries Pollution Scientific Research Mineral Resources

50. www.whoi.edu

51. South China Territorial Claims

53. www.bbc.co.uk/

54. Production ( million tonnes) 50 100 180018401880192019602000 Year EEZs Claims Global Trend in Fishery Landings

55. Fishery induced changes in world fish composition

56. Greenhouse Effect