1. PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

2. Explanation of behaviour that refer to the body systems – cells, muscles, blood, hormones and the nervous system. Miranda Psychology

3. Physiological Psychology STRESS Section 1 Stress as a bodily response Section 2 Sources of stress Section 3 Critical Issues: Stress management

4. What is stress? Pressures, demands (stressors), exert force on the body, stress is the body’s response to this. A stress response is an innate, defensive and adaptive reaction Stress levels also depend on whether the person feels that they can cope with demands placed on them or not SNAP ton

5. Stress Definition Stress is a state of psychological and physical tension produced when an individual perceives that they are unable to cope with the demands imposed on them by a stressor. The consequent state of tension can be adaptive (eustress) or maladaptive (distress)

6. Effects of stress STRESSORS Family Relations Disagreements Money Worries Need to Succeed Exams Friends Decisions New Situations FLIGHT FIGHT RETURN TO NORMAL COPING COPING STRATEGIES RELAXATION NOT COPING POSSIBLE DISEASE OR MENTAL ILLNESS EXHAUSTION POOR DIET NO EXERCISE NEGATIVE THOUGHT IRRITABILITY

7. The Biology Of Stress PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL : Walter Cannon(1932) The response to stress Stress and the nervous system Neurons Neurotransmitters

8. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Automatically responds to stressor SympatheticParasympathetic

9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM GLANDS HORMONES

10. Contrasting Communication Systems NervousEndocrine  Consists of nerve cells  Acts by transmitting nerve impulses  Acts rapidly  Direct control  Specified localised effects of neurotransmitters  Short lived effects  Consists of ductless glands  Acts by releasing hormones  Acts slowly  Indirect control  Hormones spread around body  Hormones remain in blood for some time

11. Homeostasis The process of maintaining a reasonable constant internal environment in the body. 98.6 F or 37 ºC

12. Work together to control stress response SAM Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System HPA -Hypothalamic -Pituitary -Adrenal - axis

13. Effects of SAM activity Heightened activity of SAM prepares us for Fight or Flight. Increase in energy Increased alertness Increased blood flow to the muscles Increased heart and respiration rate Reduced activity in digestive system Increased release of clotting factors in the blood Adrenaline and Noradrenaline increase the output of the heart,which can cause increase in Blood Pressure.

14. Effects of HPA activity + Cortisol is important for coping with long term stress,it maintains a steady supply of fuel. +Glucocorticoids conserve glucos for neural tissues, elevate or stabilise blood glucose levels,mobilise protein reserves, conserve salts and water. +Cortisol helps reverse bodies initial stress responses and helps body to revert to a stable state.

15. Effects of HPA activity -The blood has elevated levels of glucose (for energy) and hormones (ACTH and adrenaline) so the body continues to use its resources fast. -The anti inflammatory action of glucocorticoids slows wound healing -Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system which protects the body against viruses and bacteria.(so we are more likely to pick up infection.)

16. General Adaptation Syndrome G. A. S Hans Selye(1936) - ‘STRESS’ research PIONEER Rats showed same symptoms in response to all of Stimuli. General state of ‘stress’

17. STAGE 1. ALARM: STAGE 2. RESISTANCE STAGE 3. EXHAUSTION

18. Evaluation of GAS + Pioneering research into stress + Alerted medicine to the importance of stress in disease - Not much attention paid to SAM, the relationship between SAM and HPA not fully appreciated -Stress does not always produce the same physiological patterns. Mason (1975)different patterns of adrenaline/noradrenaline and cortisol for different stressors. -Criticised for use of non human animals -Suggestion that people respond in a passive way to stress. Mason.

19. How does stress cause physical illness? DIRECTLYINDIRECTLY SUPPRESSING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Leucocytes (white blood cells) Lymphocytes (B Cells or T Cells) Anti bodies Natural killer cells Endorphins CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS Hypertension CHD Strokes Changes in health practices that will increase risk of illness  Smoking  Drinking rugs  Sleeplessness  Exercise less

20. What sorts of illness does stress cause? Ulcers Brady CHD Friedman & Rosenman Hypertension Cobb & Rose Monkey Business Man Air Traffic Controller

22. Sources of Stress Lesson objectives: Identifying sources of stress Theory-Assessing own stress levels using SRRS, a way of identifying a link with life events, sources of stress and illness. Evidence for SRRS Evaluating this approach Checking knowledge.

23. SOURCES OF STRESS Transactional Model Cox (1978)

24. LIFE EVENTS as stressors Social Readjustment Rating Scale Holmes and Rahe Key Study : Rahe et al stress of life events Correlation stress related illness

25. De Longis et al DAILY HASSLES & UPLIFTS e.g. rising prices home maintenance crime physical appearance (bad hair day?) weight recreation relations with friends / family good weather job promotion

26. Work Place Stress Pressures of workWork environment Key Study : Marmot et al ‘Workplace Stressors’ BURNOUT

27. NOISE (Glass et al) PredictabilityControllability Higher Stress? ControlLack of Control Langer and Rodin ‘Old Peoples Homes’

28. Individual Differences Can be innate or learned Weg Anderson Cooper et al Bailey & Dua Personality – Friedman & Rosenman Gender Culture Hardiness - Kobasa Taylor Franken Houser Hastrup et al Ogden Gyton & Hall

29. STRESS ! Critical Issue STRESS MANAGEMENT

30. Physiological ApproachesPsychological Approaches Bio feedbackCognitive therapies. Stress inoculation training Anti Anxiety Drugs. Hardiness training Beta Blockers BenzodiazepinesSocial Support

31. MULTIDIMENTIONAL COPING INVENTORY Coping strategies that different people use to handle stressful situation Task orientated strategy Emotional orientated strategy Avoidance orientated strategy