2. Excretory System Swenson

3. Excretion – Removal of nitrogenous waste. What is Nitrogenous waste? Waste from the breakdown of Proteins, and other cellular functions. Waste from the breakdown of Proteins, and other cellular functions. Builds up in blood after being released from cells. Builds up in blood after being released from cells. Is poisonous if it builds up in the body. Is poisonous if it builds up in the body.

4. 3 Types: Ammonia (NH3) – highly toxic – may be excreted by Fish. Ammonia (NH3) – highly toxic – may be excreted by Fish. Urea [(NH2)CO] - Less toxic form excreted by many land animals Urea [(NH2)CO] - Less toxic form excreted by many land animals Uric acid [C5H4N4O3] – less toxic form excreted by many birds and insects Uric acid [C5H4N4O3] – less toxic form excreted by many birds and insects

5. Why remove waste? 1. poisons tissues 2. If left in blood poison organs. 3. Gout – uric acid crystals that settle in joints, from protein- rich diets (liver)

6. How wastes are removed? Aquatic organisms – live in H2O and excrete ammonia, diluted with water to decrease toxicity. Fish – have kidneys to do this. Fish – have kidneys to do this.

7. Terrestrial organisms – land organisms convert ammonia to urea or uric acid. Terrestrial organisms – land organisms convert ammonia to urea or uric acid.

8. Earthworms – excrete ammonia through skin into wet soil and urea from kidneys. Earthworms – excrete ammonia through skin into wet soil and urea from kidneys.

9. Insects, Reptiles, Birds – excrete uric acid as insoluble crystals that will not dissolve in water. Insects, Reptiles, Birds – excrete uric acid as insoluble crystals that will not dissolve in water.

10. Human/Mammals – have kidneys that excrete urea, H 2 O, and salts in urine. Human/Mammals – have kidneys that excrete urea, H 2 O, and salts in urine.

11. Structure

12. Kidneys Job is Filtration Located – Embedded in fat along either side of the spine. Located – Embedded in fat along either side of the spine.Nephron Make urine = urea + excess salts + H2O Make urine = urea + excess salts + H2O

13. Liver Ammonia + CO2 to form less toxic urea, sent to kidney Ammonia + CO2 to form less toxic urea, sent to kidney Renal Artery - Carries blood to kidney to be filtered. (Filtered every 30 min.

14. Nephron -Tube in kidney that filters

15. Glomerulus - Ball of capillaries in kidney Glomerulus - Ball of capillaries in kidney Bowman’s Capsule - Extracts water, salt, wastes from Glomerulus, takes too much H2O & salts from the blood. Bowman’s Capsule - Extracts water, salt, wastes from Glomerulus, takes too much H2O & salts from the blood. Tubule - Tube in kidney that returns 99% of H2O & salts back to blood. Tubule - Tube in kidney that returns 99% of H2O & salts back to blood. ADH – hormone that triggers body to absorb water, rather than excrete it. ADH – hormone that triggers body to absorb water, rather than excrete it.

16. Renal vein - Carries filtered blood to body. Renal vein - Carries filtered blood to body. Ureters - Carries urine to bladder (2) Ureters - Carries urine to bladder (2) Urinary Bladder - Stores urine. Urinary Bladder - Stores urine. Urethra - Tube through which urine leaves bladder. Urethra - Tube through which urine leaves bladder.

18. Problems: Problems: Alcohol – diuretic - elevates the rate of bodily urine excretion Alcohol – diuretic - elevates the rate of bodily urine excretion Caffeine – diuretic Caffeine – diuretic Nephritis – inflammation of nephron - excessive removal of protein from the blood and its excretion in urine Nephritis – inflammation of nephron - excessive removal of protein from the blood and its excretion in urine Kidney failure – need dialysis to filter blood. Kidney failure – need dialysis to filter blood. Homeostasis – balance of salt & H2O Homeostasis – balance of salt & H2O

19. Diabetes insipidus – extreme thirst due to passage of large quantities of dilute urine. Diabetes insipidus – extreme thirst due to passage of large quantities of dilute urine. Diabetes Mellitus – sugar in urine due to lack of insulin. Diabetes Mellitus – sugar in urine due to lack of insulin. Plants excrete? No wastes No wastes

20. Review for test

22. In the Lung At the Body Tissues External Respiration Internal Respiration

23. Step Inspiration (in) Expiration (out) 1 Rib Muscles Contract Relax 2 Diaphragm Contracts Relax 3 Lowers Pressure Lung Tissue Shrinks Shrinks 4 Creating a Vacuum Forcing Air Out Average Breaths per minute = 18 Average Breaths per minute = 18

24. Structure