1. “The Christian Responsibility to Protect” Study Day – Peacekeeping & International Law: Future Direction of NZ Foreign Policy 14 Sept. ‘13 Kennedy Graham, MP 1

2. Peacekeeping & International Law: Future Direction of NZ Foreign Policy Philosophical Framework Review of UN Peace & Security (incl. peacekeeping) NZ Foreign Policy Green Global Affairs Policy 2

3. Philosophical Framework ABCDE Individual Pacifism Societal Pacifism International Pacifism International Force – Legal International Force – Political Hum. nature constant; Individual stance Evolution in human nature; Societal change Domestic force No intern. force Domestic & intern. Force; UN Charter/R2P Domestic & intern. Force; ‘Coalitions of the willing’ EternalEvolutionary: millennia Volitional: centuries Policy: decades Policy: decades 3

4. Review of UN Peace & Security (incl. peacekeeping) 1920 - 1950 Collective security: collective response against inter-state aggression 1919universal veto 1945P-5 veto Ch. VI = Pacific Settlement; VII = Enforcement [Korea (UNSC/UNGA: UfP; Iraq ’90] 1956 – 90 Classical peacekeepingCh. 6½ Egypt / Kashmir (Blue Helmets) 1990 - 2013 Modern peacekeepingCh VI/VII/VIII1993Agenda for Peace 1995Agenda for Peace Supplement 2000Brahimi Report: 1. Conflict Prevention 2. Peacekeeping Internal (Somalia/Rwanda etc.) 3. Peacemaking (Ch VII) ‘robust’ 4. Peacebuilding: complex missions 2001ICISS - R2P 2009New Horizon Initiative/2011 PR 2 4

5. Review of UN Peace & Security (R2P) Responsibility to Protect Criteria 1.Authority 2.Cause 3.Intention 4.Finality 5.Proportionality 6.Prospects 5

6. NZ Foreign Policy: Dilemmas Legal / then Political Judgement: NO?YES? Kosovo ’99Korea ‘50 Afghanistan ’01Iraq ’90 Iraq ’03Rwanda ‘94 Libya ’11Bougainville ’97 Syria ‘13Timor Leste ‘99 Solomons ‘03 6

7. Green Global Affairs Policy Key Principle Universal human values (freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, HR, env. integrity) Policy Goals 1.Global sustainability: optimal pop.; carrying capacity; planetary boundaries; 2.Global justice: fair trade/inv; debt relief; ODA; refugees; human rights 3.Global peace & security: coll. security; CT; arms control 4.Global community: Cultural dialogue; global governance; Int. law Specific Points * CP/mediation units in UN/PIF * NZ specialise in regional peacekeeping * Promote R2P * Legitimise s.d. through mandatory reporting to UNSC * UNSC reform: non-veto perm.; veto restrictions; standing UN standing reserve. 7

8. UN Standing Reserve? “It takes considerable time to deploy troops; often asked why not a UNSR? A UNSR sounds logical, but it would be immensely costly to have a force of several thousand people on permanent standby. -It would require training, accommodating, feeding, etc; -Might not even be used. Although it takes time, it is much more practical to generate the military personnel once the go-ahead has been given.” Comment: Compared with ~190 standing national armies: less costly, more professional, more legitimate. 8