1. Chapter 2: CONTINUED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL REPORTING Sommers – Intermediate I
Chapter 1: Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting.

2. In Accounting, Truth Above All
Who wrote it?
What is the assertion?
Do you agree?

3. Second Level: Basic Elements
Illustration 2-7
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

4. Second Level: Basic Elements
Concepts Statement No. 6 defines ten interrelated elements that relate to measuring the performance and financial status of a business enterprise.
“Moment in Time”
“Period of Time”
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
Investment by owners
Distribution to owners
Comprehensive income
Revenue
Expenses
Gains
Losses

5. Discussion Question
Q2-10 Expenses, losses, and distributions to owners are all decreases in net assets. What are the distinctions among them?

6. Second Level: Basic Elements
Exercise 2-5: Identify the element or elements associated with items below.
Elements
(a) Arises from peripheral or incidental transactions.
(b) Obligation to transfer resources arising from a past transaction.
(c) Increases ownership interest.
(d) Declares and pays cash dividends to owners.
(e) Increases in net assets in a period from nonowner sources.
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
Investment by owners
Distribution to owners
Comprehensive income
Revenue
Expenses
Gains
Losses

7. Second Level: Basic Elements
Exercise 2-5: Identify the element or elements associated with items below.
Elements
(f) Items characterized by future economic benefit.
(g) Equals increase in net assets during the year, after adding distributions to owners and subtracting investments by owners.
(h) Arises from income statement activities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations.
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
Investment by owners
Distribution to owners
Comprehensive income
Revenue
Expenses
Gains
Losses

8. Second Level: Basic Elements
Exercise 2-5: Identify the element or elements associated with items below.
Elements
(i) Residual interest in the net assets of the enterprise.
(j) Increases assets through sale of product.
(k) Decreases assets by purchasing the company’s own stock.
(l) Changes in equity during the period, except those from investments by owners and distributions to owners.
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
Investment by owners
Distribution to owners
Comprehensive income
Revenue
Expenses
Gains
Losses

9. Third Level: Recognition and Measurement
The FASB sets forth most of these concepts in its Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 5, “Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises.”
Illustration 2-7
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

10. Discussion Question
Q2-12 What are the four basic assumptions that underlie the financial accounting structure?

11. Third Level: Assumptions
Economic Entity – company keeps its activity separate from its owners and other businesses.
Going Concern - company to last long enough to fulfill objectives and commitments.
Monetary Unit - money is the common denominator.
Periodicity - company can divide its economic activities into time periods.

12. Third Level: Assumptions
Brief Exercise 2-7: Identify which basic assumption of accounting is best described in each item below.
The economic activities of KC Corporation are divided into 12-month periods for the purpose of issuing annual reports.
(b) Solectron Corporation, Inc. does not adjust amounts in its financial statements for the effects of inflation.
(c) Walgreen Co. reports current and noncurrent classifications in its balance sheet.
(d) The economic activities of General Electric and its subsidiaries are merged for accounting and reporting purposes.

13. The Asset/Liability Approach
 Measure assets and liabilities that exist at a balance sheet date.
 Recognize revenues, expenses, gains, and losses needed to account for the changes in assets and liabilities from the previous balance sheet date.
Under the asset/liability approach we first measure the assets and liabilities that exist at a balance sheet date and then recognize the revenues, expenses, gains and losses needed to account for the changes in these assets and liabilities from the previous balance sheet date. Using this approach, principles for asset and liability measurement are emphasized, and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are recognized as necessary to make the balance sheet reconcile with the income statement. A focus on assets and liabilities has led standard-setters to lean more and more toward fair value measurement.
The focus on assets and liabilities has led to increased interest on fair value measurement

14. Discussion Question
Q2-16 What is the definition of fair value?

15. Third Level: Basic Principles
Measurement Principle – The most commonly used measurements are based on historical cost and fair value.
Issues:
Historical cost provides a reliable benchmark for measuring historical trends.
Fair value information may be more useful.
Recently the FASB has taken the step of giving companies the option to use fair value as the basis for measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities.
Reporting of fair value information is increasing.

16. Third Level: Basic Principles
Revenue Recognition - generally occurs (1) when realized or realizable and (2) when earned.
Exceptions:
Illustration 2-5
Timing of Revenue Recognition

17. Third Level: Basic Principles
Expense Recognition - “Let the expense follow the revenues.”
Illustration Expense Recognition

18. Third Level: Basic Principles
Full Disclosure – providing information that is of sufficient importance to influence the judgment and decisions of an informed user.
Provided through:
Financial Statements
Notes to the Financial Statements
Supplementary information

19. Third Level: Basic Principles
Brief Exercise 2-8: Identify which basic principle of accounting is best described in each item below.
(a) KC Corporation reports revenue in its income statement when it is earned instead of when the cash is collected.
(b) Yahoo, Inc. recognizes depreciation expense for a machine over the 2-year period during which that machine helps the company earn revenue.
(c) Oracle Corporation reports information about pending lawsuits in the notes to its financial statements.
(d) Eastman Kodak Company reports land on its balance sheet at the amount paid to acquire it, even though the estimated fair market value is greater.

20. Third Level: Constrains
Cost Constraint – cost of providing information must be weighed against the benefits that can be derived from using it.
Industry Practice - the peculiar nature of some industries and business concerns sometimes requires departure from basic accounting theory.

21. Third Level: Constrains
Brief Exercise 2-10: What accounting constraints are illustrated by the items below?
(a) KC, Inc. reports agricultural crops on its balance sheet at market value.
(b) Rafael Corporation discloses fair value information on its loans because it already gathers this information internally.
(c) Willis Company does not disclose any information in the notes to the financial statements unless the value of the information to users exceeds the expense of gathering it.
(d) A broker-dealer records all assets and liabilities at fair value.

22. IFRS Insights
RELEVANT FACTS
The economic entity assumption is also part of each framework although some cultural differences result in differences in its application. For example, in Japan many companies have formed alliances that are so strong that they act similar to related corporate divisions although they are not actually part of the same company.

23. IFRS Insights ABOUT THE NUMBERS
International Standard-Setting Organizations:
While the conceptual framework that underlies IFRS is very similar to that used to develop GAAP, the elements identified and their definitions under IFRS are different. The IASB elements and their definitions are as follows.
Assets. A resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.
Liabilities. A present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits. Liabilities may be legally enforceable via a contract or law, but need not be, i.e., they can arise due to normal business practice or customs.

24. IFRS Insights ABOUT THE NUMBERS
International Standard-Setting Organizations:
While the conceptual framework that underlies IFRS is very similar to that used to develop GAAP, the elements identified and their definitions under IFRS are different. The IASB elements and their definitions are as follows.
Equity. A residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities.
Income. Increases in economic benefits that result in increases in equity (other than those related to contributions from shareholders). Income includes both revenues (resulting from ordinary activities) and gains.
Expenses. Decreases in economic benefits that result in decreases in equity (other than those related to distributions to shareholders). Expenses includes losses that are not the result of ordinary activities.

25. Exercise 2-9
Presented below are a number of business transactions that occurred during the current year for Gonzales, Inc. In each of the situations, discuss the appropriateness of the journal entries in terms of generally accepted accounting principles.
The president of Gonzales, Inc. used his expense account to purchase a new Suburban solely for personal use. The following journal entry was made. Miscellaneous Expense 29,000 Cash 29,000
Merchandise inventory that cost $620,000 is reported on the balance sheet at $690,000, the expected selling price less estimated selling costs. The following entry was made to record this increase in value. Inventory 70,000 Sales Revenue 70,000

26. Exercise 2-9
The company is being sued for $500,000 by a customer who claims damages for personal injury apparently caused by a defective product. Company attorneys feel extremely confident that the company will have no liability for damages resulting from the situation. Nevertheless, the company decides to make the following entry. Loss from Lawsuit 500,000 Liability for Lawsuit 500,000
Because the general level of prices increased during the current year, Gonzales, Inc. determined that there was a $16,000 understatement of depreciation expense on its equipment and decided to record it in its accounts. The following entry was made. Depreciation Expense 16,000 Accum Depr – Equip 16,000

27. Exercise 2-9
Gonzales, Inc. has been concerned about whether intangible assets could generate cash in case of liquidation. As a consequence, goodwill arising from a purchase transaction during the current year and recorded at $800,000 was written off as follows. Retained Earnings 800,000 Goodwill 800,000
Because of a “fire sale,” equipment obviously worth $200,000 was acquired at a cost of $155,000. The following entry was made. Equipment 200,000 Cash ,000 Sales Revenue ,000