1. Nucleic Acids and protein synthesis Higher Human Biology

2. Lesson Aims To examine the structure of DNA To compare the structure of DNA and RNA To discuss the differences and similarities between mRNA and tRNA To examine the role of the nucleus and nucleolus during RNA synthesis To study the synthesis of proteins

3. It was Francis Crick and James Watson who unraveled the DNA molecule.

4. DNA Molecule

5. In 1966 the Genetic code was discovered. Scientists are now able to predict characteristics by studying DNA. This leads to genetic engineering, genetic counseling.

7. An international team of scientists began the project to map the human genome.

8. 1990 Gene therapy was used on patients for the first time.

9. 1994 The FDA approved the first genetically engineered food -- FlavrSavr tomatoes engineered for better flavour and shelf life.

10. 1997 Dolly the Sheep - the first adult animal clone.

11. Dolly the sheep, pictured here with her first lamb Bonnie

12. 2000 J. Craig Ventor, along with Francis Collins, jointly announce the sequencing of the entire human genome.

13. The Central Dogma DNA codes for the production of DNA (replication) and of RNA (transcription). RNA codes for the production of protein (translation).

14. The Central Dogma Genetic information is stored in a linear message on nucleic acids. We use a shorthand notation to write a DNA sequence: –5'-AGTCAATGCAAGTTCCATGCAT.... A gene determine the sequence of amino acids in proteins. We use a shorthand notation to write a protein sequence: NH 2 -Met-Gln-Cys-Lys-Phe-Met-His.... (or a one letter code: M Q C K F M H)

15. DNA Structure - Nucleotide

16. DNA Structure – Double Helix

17. Comparison of DNA and RNA DNARNA Found in nucleus Found in nucleus and cytoplasm Double strands Single strand Bases – A, T, G, C Bases – A, U, G, C Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar

18. Transcription First stage of protein synthesis Occurs in the nucleus Double helix uncoils Double strands split DNA strand acts as template for formation of mRNA (messenger RNA) Part of chain B sequence. Uncoiled DNA double helix which has split exposing bases

19. Transcription Free RNA nucleotides in the nucleus base pair with DNA nucleotides A-T, T-U, G-C, C-G Strong bonds form between phosphate group and ribose sugar of neighbouring RNA nucleotides Catalysed by enzyme RNA polymerase mRNA moves out of nucleus through nuclear pore Single strand of DNA coding for Chain B Strand of mRNA copied from DNA

22. Role of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranes Found in cytoplasm Has ribosomes on surface Proteins produced during translation pass into ER

23. Translation Second stage of protein synthesis Occurs on ribosomes in cytoplasm Code on mRNA is used to make protein chain

24. Translation

25. Comparison of mRNA and tRNA mRNA Messenger RNA Made in nucleus during transcription Moves to cytoplasm Codes for protein Base triplets - codons tRNA Transfer RNA Found in cytoplasm Involved in translation Assembles amino acids into correct order for proteins Anti-codons present

26. Overview

35. Role of Golgi Apparatus Found in cytoplasm Flattened sacs which are continually formed Involved in processing and packaging proteins Vesicles bud off with processed protein

38. Secretion Also called exocytosis Vesicle which has pinched off Golgi apparatus moves towards cell membrane Membrane of vesicle fuses with cell membrane Insulin secreted from cell

41. The Facts You Need To Know page 1-2 from “chromosomes which remain in ….” to “the sequence of bases in the DNA…”