1. CHE 185 – PROCESS CONTROL AND DYNAMICS
PID CHARACTERISTICS AND SIGNAL FILTERING

2. DIGITAL VERSIONS OF THE PID ALGORITHM
CONTROLLER ACTION - DIRECT AND REVERSE
A COMBINATION OF PROCESS GAIN AND THE TYPE OF ACTUATOR USED. PROCESS GAIN IS A PROCESS CHARACTERISTIC.
WHEN PROCESS GAIN IS NEGATIVE:
THERE IS A DECREASE IN THE VALUE OF THE CONTROLLED VARIABLE WITH AN INCREASE IN THE CONTROLLED PROPERTY

3. Direct Level Control Example
Process gain is positive because when flow in is increased, the level increases.
If the final control element is direct acting, use reverse acting PID.
For reverse acting final control element, use direct acting PID

4. reverse Level Control Example
Process gain is negative because when flow out is increased, the level decreases.
If the final control element is direct acting, use direct acting PID.
For reverse acting final control element, use reverse acting PID.

5. ACTUATOR DIRECTION BASED ON PROCESS NEEDS
DIRECT ACTING ACTUATORS INCREASE VALUES OF THE FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT WITH INCREASES IN DRIVING FORCE. A DIRECT ACTING ACTUATOR ON A VALVE (AIR-TO-OPEN OR NORMAL CLOSED) INCREASES THE OPENING WITH INCREASING AIR PRESSURE.
REVERSE ACTING ACTUATORS DECREASE VALUES OF THE FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT WITH INCREASES IN DRIVING FORCE. A REVERSE ACTING ACTUATOR ON A VALVE (AIR-TO-CLOSE OR NORMAL OPEN) DECREASES THE OPENING WITH INCREASING AIR PRESSURE

6. Proportional Band Another way to express the controller gain.
Kc in this formula is dimensionless. That is, the controller output is scaled 0-100% and the error from setpoint is scaled 0-100%.
In more frequent use years ago, but it still appears as an option on DCS’s.

7. Conversion from PB to Kc
Proportional band is equal to 200%.
The range of the error from setpoint is 200 psi.
The controller output range is 0 to 100%.

8. Conversion from Kc to PB
Controller gain is equal to 15 %/ºF
The range of the error from setpoint is 25 ºF.
The controller output range is 0 to 100%.

9. Derivation of the Velocity Form of the PID Control Algorithm
SEE SECTION 7.5

10. Velocity Form of DERIVATIVE FROM ERROR FOR PID Controller
Note the difference in proportional, integral, and derivative terms from the position form.
Velocity form is the form implemented on DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS.

11. Correction for Derivative Kick
Derivative kick occurs when a setpoint change is applied that causes a spike in the derivative of the error from setpoint.
Derivative kick can be eliminated by replacing the approximation of the derivative based on the error from setpoint with the negative of the approximation of the derivative based on the measured value of the controlled variable, i.e.,

12. Correction for Aggressive Setpoint Tracking
For certain process, tuning the controller for good disturbance rejection performance results in excessively aggressive action for setpoint changes.
This problem can be corrected by removing the setpoint from the proportional term. Then setpoint tracking is accomplished by integral action only.
SEE EQN 7.5.5

13. SUMMARY OF 3 Versions of the PID Algorithm Offered on DCS’s
(1) The original form in which the proportional, integral, and derivative terms are based on the error from setpoint
EQN

14. SUMMARY OF 3 Versions of the PID Algorithm Offered on DCS’s
(2) The form in which the proportional and integral terms are based on the error from setpoint while the derivative-on-measurement is used for the derivative term
EQN

15. SUMMARY OF 3 Versions of the PID Algorithm Offered on DCS’s
(3) The form in which the proportional and derivative terms are based on the process measurement and the integral is based on the error from setpoint.
EQN

16. SIGNAL FILTERING
FILTERS ARE USED TO REMOVE SOME OF THE NOISE FROM LOOPS AND OPERATE WITH AVERAGED VALUES FOR VARIABLES.
THE SIMPLEST FILTERS AVERAGE n PREVIOUS VALUES TO OBTAIN THE ONE ACTUALLY SENT TO THE CONTROLER.
FILTERS ARE LOCATED AFTER THE SENSOR SIGNAL IN THE BLOCK DIAGRAM

17. Feedback Loop with Sensor Filtering

18. Filtering the Process Measurement
Filtering reduces the effect of sensor noise by approximating a running average.
Filtering adds lag when the filtered measurement is used for control.
Normally, use the minimum amount of filtering necessary.
f- filter factor (0-1)

19. Effect of Filtering on Closed Loop Dynamics

20. FILTERING EXAMPLE USING 50 DATA POINTS
INITIAL DATA ARE SHOWN AS OUTPUT

21. FILTERING EXAMPLE USING 50 DATA POINTS
FILTERED DATA ARE AVERAGED VALUES FOR THE PREVIOUS 5 DATA POINTS
CUMULATIVE VALUES ARE THE AVERAGES STARTING FROM THE FIRST POINT.
RESULTING GRAPH (NEXT PAGE) SHOWS SIGNAL SENT TO COMPARATOR
ALSO SEE FIGURE 7.8.1

22. FILTERING EXAMPLE USING 50 DATA POINTS

23. FILTERING EXAMPLE USING 50 DATA POINTS
THE BALANCE REQUIRED IS TO MINIMIZE THE NOISE SO A RELATIVELY STABLE SIGNAL CAN BE SENT TO THE CONTROLLER.
TOO FEW DATA POINTS IN THE AVERAGE LEAVES A RESIDUAL THAT CAN HAMPER CONTROL
TOO MANY DATA POINTS RESULTS IN VALUES THAT CAN LAG THE ACTUAL VALUES
DERIVATIVE ACTION IS THE PROPERTY THAT IS MOST AFFECTED BY NOISE

24. Analysis of Example
τf is equal to Δt (1/f-1) as f becomes small, τf becomes large.
As τf is increased, τp will increase.
Critical issue is relative magnitude of τf compare to τp.

25. Effect of the Amount of Filtering on the Open Loop Response

26. An Example of Too Much and Too Little Filtering

27. Filter Factor (f), the Resulting Repeatability Reduction Ratio (R) and the Filter Time Constant (τf)

28. Key Issues for Sensor Filtering
To reduce the effect of noise (i.e., R is increased), f must be reduced, which increases the value of τf. Filtering slows the closed-loop response significantly as tf becomes larger than 10% of τp.
The effect of filtering on the closed-loop response can be reduced by increasing the frequency with which the filter is applied, i.e., reducing Δtf.