Identifying Function-Based Interventions

Identifying Function-Based Interventions
Chris Borgmeier, PhD Sheldon Loman, PhD Portland State University

Objectives Use a Competing Behavior Pathway to Identify Function-based behavior supports that: Teach positive behaviors to replace problem behavior Use strategies to prevent problem behavior & prompt positive behaviors Reinforce replacement & desired behaviors Effectively respond to problem behaviors by redirecting & minimizing their pay-off

Behavior Support Planning FBA  BSP
The most important purpose of conducting FBA is to inform the development of comprehensive Behavior Support Plans that directly address the FUNCTION of student behavior 3

Steps in Behavior Support Planning
Step 1: Develop Competing Behavior Pathway Step 2: Develop Behavior Support Plan Step 3: Implementation Plan Step 4: Evaluation Plan Step 5: Follow-up Meetings to Review Progress

Why is the function of behavior important?
Any intervention can potentially make problem behavior: Better Have no effect Make it worse Using function to guide selection of interventions should help to more efficiently and effectively ID effective interventions & avoid interventions that can make things worse

Function Based Interventions
6

Function-Based Interventions
Start with FBA results = Summary of Behavior Summary of Behavior should include a detailed and specific description of: Targeted Routine Antecedents triggering behavior Problem Behavior Consequence/Outcome of Problem Behavior Function of Behavior

Analyzing the Summary of Behavior
Read over the Summary of Behavior, but pay special attention to the Function identified for the problem behavior The Function of Behavior will be central to identifying effective interventions to address: Antecedent Behaviors to Teach & Consequences

Start w/ Summary of Behavior from FBA
Targeted Routine Antecedent Maintaining Consequence & Function Problem Behavior

FBA: Summary of Behavior
Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION FUNCTION is where student behavior intersects with the environment Function = Learning Student learns…. When (A), if I (B), then (C)… Function = how I benefit so I keep doing B

Competing Behavior Pathway

Competing Behavior Pathway
Completed from FBA

So this is what we want…. Desired Behavior Natural Consequence Targeted Routine Antecedent Maintaining Consequence & Function Problem Behavior Alternate Behavior But… start with the Alternate Behavior? Why can’t we go right to the Desired Behavior?

Understanding Desired Behavior
Long-term goal = to follow regular classrooms routines and norms, as independently as possible (w/ supports reduced or eliminated) and looking as similar as possible to peers Often requires a sustained, focused teaching effort to build missing skills Academic deficits (often related to Avoiding difficult tasks) Example: student avoids reading because 3 grade levels behind in reading… requires intensive reading instruction to close gap Social Skills deficits (often related to seeking attention) Example: student seeks negative attention due to isolation from peers and adults resulting from aggressive behavior and limited social skills… requires sustained, targeted social skill instruction generalized to natural context Communication deficit Example: student screams and rocks vigorously back and forth due to limited communication skills which might result in getting a snack… requires teaching communication skills (PECS, sign language, etc.) Organizational/school skills deficits Example: student doesn’t complete homework due to limited scheduling and organization strategies which might result in (a) task avoidance due to limited background knowledge or (b) avoiding negative interactions with teacher because homework is frequently not done… requires teaching school skills

Why the Alternate Behavior
Why the Alternate Behavior? Why can’t we go right to the Desired Behavior? 4. The student is going to need to gain the math skills before being able to do this like peers 3. Look how different this is from what’s happening now 1. This is what we’re asking the student to do. Complete math problem Success, another problem Given double digit addn problems Sent back to table (escape task) None identified Throws a Tantrum 2. This is what the student wants now. Raise hand & ask for break 5. So… in the meantime we use the alternate behavior

When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION Function should guide selection of alternative/ replacement behaviors

Understanding Alternate/ Replacement Behaviors
Alternate Behaviors are: an immediate attempt to reduce disruption & potentially dangerous behavior in the classroom Take some of the pressure off the teacher designed to actively begin breaking the student’s habit of using problem behavior to meet their needs, by replacing it with a more acceptable alternate behavior 17

Essential Characteristics of a Replacement / Alternate Behavior
An appropriate Replacement Behavior: Serves the same function as the problem behavior Is easier to do and more efficient than the problem behavior Alternate Behaviors require less physical effort & provide quicker, more reliable access to desired outcome/response than problem behavior Is socially acceptable 18

Which of the Following are Appropriate Replacement Behaviors?
Leslie is 12, has severe intellectual disabilities, does not use words, and hits her head. Head hitting is maintained by adult attention during work periods. Which is the best Replacement Behavior hide under her desk and be ignored sign for “more” to another student take completed work up to show the teacher move to sit by another student Use picture communication system to request teacher help Start w/ the Function 1. Serve same Function? Does it provide adult attn? 2. Is Behavior easier to do than problem behavior? 3. Is Behavior socially acceptable? 19

Which of the Following are Appropriate Replacement Behaviors?
Jason is nine and cries when asked to do difficult tasks. The crying is maintained by avoiding or escaping difficult tasks. Possible Replacement Behaviors: More rewards for doing tasks Asking for an easier task/ worksheet Asking to play w/ his Gameboy Requesting adult attention Asking to have soda after tasks are done Start w/ the Function 2. Is behavior easier to do than problem behavior? 1. Serve same Function? Does it provide adult attn? 3. Is Behavior socially acceptable? 20

Competing Behavior Pathway: Alternative Behavior
Example: Jason (from previous example) Antecedent Problem Behavior Consequence Asked to do difficult tasks Avoid/Escape Difficult Task Crying Asking for an easier task/ worksheet NOTE: This antecedent is not specific enough 21

Identifying the Alternate Behavior
Yes or No? Why? What are the critical features of an Alternate Behavior? 3. Is Behavior socially acceptable? 1. Serve same Function? Does it allow escape task? 2. Is Behavior easier to do than problem behavior?

Activity 2 - Jordan With a partner go through each of the Competing Behavior Pathway options in Pre-Test #2  Yes or No & Why

Developing Function-Based Interventions

Behavior Support Planning
Identify a range of interventions that address prevention (A), teaching (B) & consequences (C) You may not use them all, but it is good to identify multiple interventions options across A, B & C

Teaching Behavior Interventions

Teaching Behavior Teaching Identify skill(s) to teach
Dual focus when teaching behavior Alternate Behavior Desired Behavior ALWAYS START with the Alternative Behavior -FIRST - Teach the alternate behavior you identified in Competing Behavior Pathway -Teaching = Review & practice regularly -THEN – teach the Desired Behavior -this may be something to focus on immediately, or only after the student is fluent with the alternative behavior

Teaching Behavior Don’t assume student already has Alternate Behavior in their skill set Develop an observable definition of behavior Identify examples & non-examples Model/ Lead/ Test Schedule Review & Practice of Skill/ Behavior Regularly

What are the critical features of Teaching Interventions?
Teaching Behavior What are the critical features of Teaching Interventions? 1. First teach the Alternate Behavior Yes or No? Why? Does Alt. Beh.: Serve same Function? Is it Easier? Socially acceptable?

Example: Teaching Behavior
A  B  C Teach Morgan to raise his hand & ask for a break, instead of engaging in negative behavior. *By teaching Morgan an easier alternate behavior to get what he wants, we’re making the problem behavior Inefficient. Morgan will need frequent practice, precorrections, and prompts to help him get in the habit of using the alternate behavior

Activity 3 With a partner go through each of the Teaching Behavior options in Pre-Test #2  Yes or No & Why

Teaching Interventions: Desired Behavior
Achieving the Desired Behavior most often requires a sustained, focused teaching effort to build missing skills Academic deficits (often related to Avoiding difficult tasks) Example: student avoids reading because 3 grade levels behind in reading… requires intensive reading instruction to close gap Social Skills deficits (often related to seeking attention) Example: student seeks negative attention due to isolation from peers and adults resulting from aggressive behavior and limited social skills… requires sustained, targeted social skill instruction generalized to natural context Communication deficit Example: student screams and rocks vigorously back and forth due to limited communication skills which might result in getting a snack… requires teaching communication skills (PECS, sign language, etc.) Organizational/school skills deficits Example: student doesn’t complete homework due to limited scheduling and organization strategies which might result in (a) task avoidance due to limited background knowledge or (b) avoiding negative interactions with teacher because homework is frequently not done… requires teaching school skills

What do we need to teach student to achieve the desired behavior?
2. Next, teach content required to support student to achieve the Desired Behavior

Example: Teaching Behavior
A  B  C We also may want to provide additional writing instruction focused on spelling & sentence construction to help provide Morgan skills and confidence to complete writing tasks independently *By providing Morgan additional instruction in writing, we can eventually make the problem behavior unnecessary.

Antecedent Interventions
Prevent & Prompt

When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION Function should guide selection of prevention strategies Function should guide selection of alternative/ replacement behaviors

Preventing Problem Behavior Prevention- Change the trigger that sets off the problem behavior Examine the Antecedent & Function of the Problem Behavior Change the antecedent so student will no longer need to use problem behavior (make the problem behavior Irrelevant) The best choices for Antecedent changes: Directly address the identified antecedent must address the function the problem behavior is serving

Antecedent Interventions Directly address the identified antecedent
Antecedent = Asked to read aloud in class Potential options that more directly address the antecedent Do not ask student to read aloud in class Give student passage in advance to practice pre-reading Let student read 1 sentence directions they are familiar with, instead of entire paragraphs from the text Non-examples (do not directly address antecedent) Move student closer to the teacher Attend a counseling group about anger management Check-in with teacher before reading group Now, why is Function important?

Antecedent interventions must address the function the problem behavior serves
Antecedent = Asked to read aloud in class + Function = Avoid any public presentation (not about reading difficulty; more related to social anxiety) Does the Intervention address the Function of Behavior Do not ask student to read aloud in class (or respond publicly) Give student passage in advance to practice pre-reading Let student read 1 sentence directions they are familiar with, instead of entire paragraphs from the text Does the intervention address the function of behavior?

Critical features of Antecedent Interventions to prevent the Problem Behavior? Does the intervention directly address: the antecedent? the Function of the problem behavior? Yes or No? Why?

A  B  C Instead of having Morgan complete the assignment through writing, allow Morgan to dictate the answers into a tape recorder, or have someone else write them first, over time he may begin to write out his recorded responses, to break the task into more manageable pieces *By changing A, we can PREVENT Morgan’s need to engage in the problem behavior, by making it Irrelevant

Activity 4 With a partner go through each of the Antecedent Interventions options in Pre-Test #2  Yes or No & Why

2. Next, identify ways to prompt/ precorrect the alternate & desired behavior

Consequence Interventions
Reinforcing Behavior

When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION Function should guide selection of consequences: (+) and (-) Function should guide selection of prevention strategies Function should guide selection of alternative/ replacement behaviors

Consequence Interventions Reinforcing Behavior
Reinforcement should focus on 2 different sets of behaviors  Alternative Behavior & Desired Behavior Reinforcing the Alternative Behavior When the student engages in the alternative behavior, quickly provide the student with an outcome that matches the outcome/ function of the problem behavior E.g. if student raises hand to request an easier, substitute assignment; in order to escape difficult tasks  then quickly provide the student with the easier assignment

Reinforcing the Desired Behavior(s), or approximations of the desired behavior The ultimate plan is to have the student move beyond the alternative behavior to using the desired behavior Reinforcing this progression should start from the beginning of the intervention

Considerations for Reinforcing Desired Behavior The goals & expectations for desired behavior must be reasonable Reasonable expectations of student behavior EXAMPLE: on a daily basis the student is out of seat & off task the entire period & has not turned in any work the entire term Probably NOT a Reasonable Expectation = student to be in seat the whole class period and turn in completed worksheets More Reasonable approximations (Start Small & Build on Success): Turns in assignments 50% completed On task and trying to complete work for 15 minutes each period

Considerations for Reinforcing Desired Behavior The timeframe for goals & expectations for desired behavior must be reasonable In the Beginning try to Reinforce Every occurrence or approximation Reasonable timeframes for Reinforcement Probably NOT Reasonable Timeframes for reinforcement If student turns in all worksheets for week 1, he will earn 15 min. in skate park on Friday If student is in seat and on-task for the entire period, he will earn a candy bar More Reasonable Timeframes for reinforcement If student completes 5 problems, he can choose 3 problems to cross off the worksheet If student is on task for 10 min., he will earn 4 min. of computer time

Considerations for Reinforcing Desired Behavior The reinforcer must be valued by the student The function of behavior is a good place to start when identifying valued reinforcers e.g. If the function of behavior is to Gain Peer Attention, the reinforcer should give access to Peer Attention e.g. if the function of behavior is to Avoid Difficult Task the reinforcer could be a “Free Homework Pass”

Consequence Intervention: Reinforcing Positive Behavior
Steps in Identifying Reinforcers? Critical features of Reinforcers? 1. Identify an intervention to Reinforce the Alternate Behavior Is reinforcer valued? (start w/ function of behavior) b) Are expectations & timeframes reasonable for the student? Yes or No? Why? 2. Identify an intervention to Reinforce the Desired Behavior

Activity 5 With a partner go through each of the Positive Consequence Interventions options in Pre-Test #2  Yes or No & Why

Responding to Problem Behavior

Consequence Interventions Responding to Problem Behavior
Responding to Problem Behavior should focus on 2 things: Redirect to the Alternative Behavior Breaking Habits: Try to eliminate or significantly limit the pay-off the student has been receiving for the problem behavior ***If the problem behavior remains Functional, or continues to pay off, the individual is not likely to quit using it (break the habit)

1. Redirecting to the Alternative Behavior
At the earliest signs of problem behavior, prompt the student to use the Alternative Behavior When the student engages in the alternative behavior, quickly provide the student with an outcome that matches the function of the problem behavior This should also help to prevent escalation

2. Breaking the Habit of the Problem Behavior
Make sure the problem behavior no longer continues to pay-off for the student… A  B  C If using a consequence as a response to negative behavior, make sure the consequence is not providing the desired function for the student Worst case scenario = continuing to provide a response to problem behavior the reinforces or pays-off the problem behavior

Breaking Habits Function = Seeking Attention
Try to eliminate or significantly limit the pay-off the student has been receiving for the problem behavior Student is making negative comments & throwing paper and small objects to get attention from adults Limit attention – walk over to student desk, verbally praising & focusing on other students who are on-task, make a quick “stop” sign w/ shake of the head (no words) NON-EXAMPLE = walk over, pull student aside and lecture student on why behavior is not ok for 3 min.

Active Extinction Function = Escape Task
Try to eliminate or significantly limit the pay-off the student has been receiving for the problem behavior Student is crumpling up work sheet, out of seat and loudly refusing to escape an undesired task Limit escape – walk over to student and offer to help, stating you can do work now, or stay after school to complete work with me; you will have to do the worksheet (it’s important this is paired w/ task manipulations & teaching) NON-EXAMPLE = walk over, pull student aside and lecture student on why behavior is not ok for 3 min. (provides escape); send student to the hall or office without work

Consequence Intervention Responding to Problem Behavior
Steps in Identifying Responses to Problem Behavior? Yes or No? Why? 1. Prompt the Alternate Behavior at earliest signs of problem behavior 2. Identify a response to problem behavior that does not reinforce the Problem Behavior

Example: Consequence Interventions
A  B  C We must refuse to (C) let Dexter avoid difficult math tasks by (B) engaging in disrespectful behavior & Instead prompt him to raise his hand and (C) reward him for (B) raising his hand & asking for a break (Alternate Behvior) *By not providing Dexter w/ what he wants when he engages in disrespectful behavior we are making the problem behavior Ineffective. It is important that we work hard to Reinforce Dexter for engaging in the alternate behavior, or he is likely to go back to & escalate the problem behavior

Morgan’s Function-Based Intervention

Activity 6 With a partner go through each of the Negative Consequence Interventions options in Pre-Test #2  Yes or No & Why

Activity 7 Complete Post-test

When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION AVOIDING DIFFICULT TASK Consequence (+) Reinforce (a) alternate behavior w/ oppt’y to avoid task & (b) desired behavior (effort on task) (-) problem behavior should not result in avoiding task; redirect to Alt. behavior Prevent Make task less difficult to avoid difficult task Alternate behavior Must allow student to avoid difficult task

When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C Targeted Routine Maintaining Consequence & Function Antecedent Problem Behavior FUNCTION GETTING ADULT ATTENTION Consequence (+) Reinforce both alternate behavior & desired behavior w/ adult attention (-) problem behavior should not result in adult attention; redirect to Alt. behavior Prevent Provide adult Attention in advance & often Alternate behavior Must give student access to adult attention

Proactive (PBS) Interventions Attention Seeking
A - PREVENTION Interventions occurring before the behavior occurs Prevention (give attention early for positive) Check-in – provide adult attention immediately upon student arrival Give student leadership responsibility or a class ‘job’ that requires the student to interact w/ staff Place student in desk where they are easily accessible for frequent staff attention Give student frequent intermittent attention for positive or neutral behavior PreCorrect - Frequently & deliberately remind student to raise their hand and wait patiently if they want your attention

Proactive (PBS) Interventions Avoid Task
A - PREVENTION Interventions occurring before the behavior occurs Prevention (modify task or provide support) Modify assignments to meet student instructional/skill level (adjust timelines, provide graphic organizers, break in to smaller chunks, etc.) Assign student to work with a peer Provide additional instruction/support Provide visual prompt to cue steps for completing tasks student struggles with Provide additional support focused on instructional skills (Homework Club, study hall, etc.) PreTeaching content PreCorrect - Frequently & deliberately remind student to ask for help

Teaching Behavior Interventions

Proactive (PBS) Interventions Attention Seeking
B - TEACH Behaviors to use instead of the problem behavior Teach student more appropriate ways to ask for adult attention Identify and teach specific examples of ways to ask for attention -Raise hand and wait patiently for teacher to call on you -likely need to differentiate (large group, small \ group, work time, etc.)

B - TEACH Behaviors to use instead of the problem behavior Teach student more appropriate ways to ask for help from teacher or peers Provide additional instruction on skill deficits Identify and teach specific examples of ways to ask for help -Raise hand and wait patiently for teacher to call on you -teach student to use a break card -likely need to differentiate (large group, small \ group, work time, etc.)

B - TEACH Desired Behaviors Provide academic instruction/support to address student skill deficits -More focused instruction in class - Additional instructional group - Special Education support for academic deficit - additional support and practice at home -additional assessment to identify specific skill deficits

PBS Interventions Attention Seeking
RESPONSE TO BEHAVIOR Intervention occurs after (in response to) positive or negative behavior Respond quickly if student asks appropriate for adult attention Give the student frequent adult attention for positive behavior Student earns ‘lunch w/ teacher’ when student earns points for paying attn in class & asking appropriately for attention Eliminate/minimize the amount of attention provided to a student for engaging in problem behavior Limit verbal interaction – create a signal to prompt the student to stop the problem behavior Avoid power struggles C -

PBS Interventions Attention Seeking
C Sometimes students need additional encouragement to engage in the desired behavior… When using additional incentives to encourage student positive behavior If students desire adult attention, use it as an incentive -lunch with teacher -1:1 game with favorite staff, etc. -special teacher assistant

PBS Interventions Avoid Task
RESPONSE TO BEHAVIOR Intervention occurs after (in response to) positive or negative behavior Respond quickly if student asks for help or for a break Reward students for on task, trying hard, work completion & for asking for a break or help appropriately Eliminate/minimize the amount of missed instructional time or work provided to a student for engaging in problem behavior However, need to make sure student is capable of doing work… or provide support/instruction so student can complete the work C -

PBS Interventions Avoid Task
C Sometimes students need additional encouragement to engage in the desired behavior… When using additional incentives to encourage student positive behavior If students is attempting to avoid tasks, you might use free homework passes or reduced numbers of problems as an incentive

Key Points from Module 4: Critical Features of BSP
Replace problem behavior by teaching a socially acceptable, efficient behavior that allows student to obtain the pay-off/function Prevent problem behaviors by directly addressing triggers & prompting replacement behaviors based on the function of behavior Reinforce replacement & desired behaviors based on function/pay off for the student Redirect problem behaviors by quickly & effectively redirecting student to replacement behavior Minimize Reinforcement by ensuring that problem behaviors do NOT pay off for the student (i.e. does not result in the function of behavior)

Task School Team Participants….. Over the next weeks…
After collecting your ABC Tracking sheet data for your student, use the Competing Behavior Pathway and intervention planning sheet to select interventions for your identified student. Transfer your Summary Statement from the bottom of the ABC Tracking sheet into the Competing Behavior Pathway, then identify an alternative behavior and antecedent, teaching and consequence interventions.

Task Transfer the Summary Statement from your ABC Tracker to the Competing Behavior Pathway and Develop some Function-Based Intervention Strategies

Comments/Questions about Module #4
At the bottom of page 4.15 please write any comments/questions you may have pertaining to this module. Thank you for your time & attention!

ABC’s & Function-Based Thinking
Would this training be helpful for all staff? Do you want to plan to deliver the ABC training to All Staff at your school? The Function-Based Thinking training is available on-line It takes about minutes to complete Find the training at:

Identifying Function-Based Interventions

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