1. © 2006 IARC VOC Emissions: Correlation between testing methodologies Dr. M Pharaoh, Dr. G.J.Williams, Ms. P Madden, Mr. N Reynolds W M G, University of Warwick M.Griffin (JLR)

2. 2 © 2006 IARC Contents  Background to the PARD programme and objectives  Test programme, vehicles and micro-chamber  Correlation: micro-chamber vs 1m3 chamber vs Vehicle  Need  Basic Comparison: overview of experimentation  Experimentation. Decay work, flow rate work, temperature work  Qualitative comparison  Future Work  VDA 276  Modelling, increasing complexity of system parameters.

3. 3 © 2006 IARC PARD Programme background The Premium Automotive Research and Development (PARD) Programme consists of a portfolio of research and development projects. Programme set up in 2003 with project deliverables to be achieved by 2010 It is aimed at enhancing the manufacturing and design capabilities of automotive supplier companies, particularly in the West Midlands. The programme is supported by the Regional Development Agency, Advantage West Midlands together with numerous partner companies, including a lead partner, Jaguar & Land Rover. The International Automotive Research Centre was set up in the University’s Warwick Manufacturing Group to host the programme Project extension programme established early 2007 to run through to March 2008

4. 4 © 2006 IARC Background – PARD VIAQ Project Objectives  Characterise vehicles and interior trim components against VIAQ limits  Identify realistic solutions to address any departures from VIAQ requirements.  Recommend suitable VIAQ test methodology and component performance specification.  Ensure effective dissemination of information to the project partners. Achievements  Initial component evaluations have shown direct correlation with vehicle assessments  Assessment methodology has been developed for both vehicles and components.  Outputs from project work will be used within JLR materials specifications  A facility has been established to provide detailed analyses for project partners

5. 5 © 2006 IARC Objectives for PARD Extension  Determine correlation between accelerated microanalysis and recognised industry standards to measure component and materials emissions levels.  Conduct detailed investigation to minimise VOC emissions from identified components  Extend engagement to other potential partners and respective supply chains

6. 6 © 2006 IARC VIAQ drivers Legislative The last 3 years have seen increased focus in this area and regulatory requirements for 2008 for certain markets looks inevitable.  From April 1 st, 2007, JAMA Voluntary Agreement for vehicle interior air quality - 13 VOC’s (volatile organic compounds) to be monitored at 40°C.  China has signalled an intent to introduce VIAQ legislation (based upon JAMA voluntary agreement for 2007/2008 implementation)  Other Industries legislate in this area (e.g. construction industry) Competitive  Concern exists regarding excessive exposure to VOCs causing occupant illnesses  National voluntary codes of conduct and anticipated legislation

7. 7 © 2006 IARC

8. 8 Single µ- CTE Chamber Assembly Sample tube Flow controlling device 10 – 500 ml/min Air/gas manifold supplying all 6 μ-Chambers Heated block Temps. up to 120°C Micro-chamber Diameter 45 mm Depth 28 mm Volume ~45 cm 3 Heated air/gas supply The µ-CTE contains 6 Chambers in Total Either as a cell or chamber

9. 9 © 2006 IARC Correlation  Many tests available. Ease supplier load.  Ultimately want to be able to predict the performance of the vehicle from u-cte and VDA 276 type results.  Minimise VOC levels and ‘take control’ of odour.

10. 10 © 2006 IARC Data Comparison u-cte vs 1m3 chamber vs vehicle. Emission rate over time compared to volumetric analyses.  Effect of air flow over material surface  Re-adsorption onto surfaces  local material in-homogeneities  Temperature variation  Manufacturing process  Effect may vary with volatile type

11. 11 © 2006 IARC Basic Equation  VDA 276. 1m3 full component data =  u-cte data for test temperature and surface air flow  x % for each substrate layer  x % for air exchange  x % reduction for age of materials (decay)  humidity effects  Test time differential  Mechanism for emission and surface interactions

12. 12 © 2006 IARC Surface Interactions Still air: surface boundary layer Bulk Material: - Density - Surface area - Molecular weights Surface air flow Bulk diffusion Air Diffusion Rapid Removal of VOCs

13. 13 © 2006 IARC Decay Data: Foams – 40C

14. 14 © 2006 IARC Decay Data: PVC coverings – 40C

15. 15 © 2006 IARC Temperature Data: VOCs

16. 16 © 2006 IARC Temperature Data: VOCs and Rate

17. 17 © 2006 IARC Temperature data: types of VOC

18. 18 © 2006 IARC Qualitative Comparison: Easy U-cte vs large chamber

19. 19 © 2006 IARC Virtual Flux Steady state period Nominal chamber concentration Time during test Sample conditioning period VOC levels minus Air exchange Oven conditioning sampling

20. 20 © 2006 IARC Data Conclusions  u-cte gives good reproducibility  decay data shows a strong dependence on the material properties, more than VOC molecular weight  strong temperature dependence: 2 x no. of volatiles, particularly of high Molecular weight and 10 x VOC emission rate  temperature effect of different test methods  sampling and storage protocol: potential for rapid decay means storage prior to testing in very important  manufacturing variability, our work shows there is a need for improved control of VOCs during production

21. 21 © 2006 IARC Future Work  extensive test programme about to start on 1m3 chamber with the focus on VDA276  detailed work looking at greater depth on determining parameters: temperature, air flow, decay and material properties  fluid dynamics and diffusion modelling of the system  OEM consortium in place to develop common approach to testing  Supplier work  Continuing assessment of supplier materials  Follow on looking at manufacturing variability  Development of low VOC materials

22. © 2006 IARC Environmental Competence Project Premium Automotive Research and Development Programme