1. Pravin K. ShahPravin K. Shah Jain Study Center of North CarolinaJain Study Center of North Carolina 509 Carriage Woods Circle509 Carriage Woods Circle Raleigh, NC 27607-3969Raleigh, NC 27607-3969 Website: www.jaina.orgWebsite: www.jaina.org e-mail: education@jaina.orge-mail: education@jaina.org 919-859-4994 and Fax919-859-4994 and Fax Jain Universe

2. Preaching Methods of Lord Mahavir  Lord Mahavir preached Jain religion and its philosophy and spirituality using four different methods known as Four Anuyogs ƒStories (Pratham_anuyog) –Historical and non-historical ƒConduct (Charan_anuyog) –Self control, penance, repentance, and nonviolence ƒMathematics (Ganit_anuyog / Karan_anuyog) –Karma and its classification –Various stages of Soul's spiritual development –Structure and Function Universe ƒPhilosophy or Adhyatma (Dravya_anuyog) –Spirituality

3. Jain Universe Akas (Space) Lokakas Jiva and A-jiva Exist Height - 14 Rajlok A-lokakas Empty - Void Infinite Jain Universe

5. Yojan and Rajlok Measurement  Yojan ƒ1 Danda or Bow= 6 feet ƒ2000 Danda or Bow = 1 Kosha ƒ4 Kosha= 1 Yojan (@ 9.0 miles) –another book gives different measurement ƒ1 Dhanu = 6 feet ƒ4000 Dhanu = 1 Yojan (@4.5 miles) ƒ1000 Yojans = 1 Mahayojan  Rajlok or Rajju –A distance traveled by a deva (heavenly being) in six months at a rate of 2,057,152 Yojan in one samay (Samay = smallest unit of time = @1/4 second) or –The distance traveled in six months by a ball of iron weighing 1,000 bhar (1000 tolas or 25 lb.) let fall freely from Indralok (heaven). ƒ= @1.15 x 10E21 miles

6. Universe (Lokakas)  Total Height = 14 Rajlok  Upper worldheight = 7 Rajlok  Middle world height = 1800 Yojans – 900 Yojan up from surface (center) – 900 Yojan down from surface (center) ƒWidth = 1 Rajlok  Lower world height= 7 Rajlok  Lokakas Volume ( Digambar)= 343 Cubic Rajlok  Lokakas Volume ( Swetambar ) = 239 Cubic Rajlok

7. Universe (Lokakas)  Who Lives Where? (Residents) ƒUpper World –Liberated Souls (Moksha) –Vaimanik devas  12 /16 Devaloks, 9 Graivek, 5 Anuttar devas ƒMiddle World –Jyotishka devas (above 900 yojans) –Humans, Tiryanch (on surface) –Vyan vantar devas (below 900 yojans) ƒLower World –Bhavanpati devas –Narakis

8. Upper World  Height = 7 Rajlok or Rajju  12 or 16 devloks, 9 graiveks, 5 anuttaras, Moksha  Liberated Souls - lives in Moksha  Vaimanik devas ƒHigher Vaimanik devas –Graiveks and Anuttara devas –Each deva is independent –Anuttara devas attain liberation either in next birth or third birth ƒLower Vaimanik devas –organized like earthly kingdoms -  rulers (Indra), counselors, guards, followers, armies

9. Upper World

10. Middle World  Consist of 900 yojans above and 900 yojans below earth surface  Residents ƒJyotishka devas (gods of light) - 790 to 900 yojans above earth ƒHuman, Tiryanch (Animals, birds, etc......) on the surface ƒVyan vantar devas - 100 yojan below earth  Jambudvip is in the Center of the Middle World  Surrounding Jambudvip, an innumerable series of concentric rings of alternate oceans and islands (dvip or continents)  World of Human (manushya_lok) consist of two and half continents ƒJambudvip, Dhataki_khanda, and half of Puskara_dvip

11. Middle World

12. Jyotishka Devas  Distance from Earth surface ƒStars (Tara) = 790 yojans ƒSun (Surya) = 800 yojans ƒMoon (Chandra)= 880 yojans ƒConstellation (Nakshatra)= 884 yojans ƒPlanets (Graha) –Mercury (Budha) = 888 yojans –Venus (Shukra) = 891 yojans –Jupiter (Guru or Brahaspati) = 894 yojans –Mars (Mangal) = 897 yojans –Saturn (Shani) = 900 yojans –Remaining planets = 888 to 900 yojans

13. Mount Meru

15. Number of Jyotishka Devas (Two and Half Continents) LocationMoonSunPlanetConstellationStars Jambu2217656133,950E14 Lavan44352112267,900E14 Dhataki12 1056336803,700E14 Kalodadhi42 369611762,812,950E14 Pushkar72 633620964,822,200E14 Total132 1169636968,840,600E14 Only stars are in 10 million X 10 million unit (10E14) Only stars are in 10 million X 10 million unit (10E14)

16. Jambudvip  Center of the Middle World  Diameters 100,000 yojans  Mount Meru is at the center  Illuminated by two Moons and two Suns  Six mountains run from East to West, divide into seven huge continents  Each continent is watered by two great rivers

17. Jambu-dvip

18. Jambu-dvip

19.  Seven Continents and Six Mountains – Airavata (North) [Rakta and Raktoda Rivers]  Shikhari Mountain – Airanyavant [Rupyakula and Suvarnakula Rivers]  Rukmi Mountain – Ramyak [Narkanta and Narikanta Rivers]  Nil Mountain – Mahavideh (Middle) [Sitoda and Sita Rivers]  Nishidh Mountain – Harivarsha [Harikanta and Harita Rivers]  Mahahimvant Mountain – Himavant [Rohitasya and Rohita Rivers]  Himvant Mountain – Bharata (South) [Sindhu and Ganga Rivers] Jambu-dvip

20.  Karma_bhumi (Land of Action) –Three Continents  Bharata, Airavata, and Mahavideh –Tirthankars are born only in Karma_bhumi –Religion exist and Liberation is possible  Akarma_bhumi (Land of No Action) –Four Continents  Hemavat, Harivarsha, Ramyak, Hiranyavat –Two Sub_continents of Mahavideh  Devkuru and Uttarkuru –Congenital pairs (yugalins) live –Land is adorned with wish-granting trees (kalpa_vraksa) and magnificent ponds. –No Tirthankar is born –No Religion and hence no liberation Karma and Akarma Bhumi

21.  Located in the Southern part of Jambudvip  Vaitadhya mountain runs from East to West in the middle (width 50 yojan) divides into two halves (North and South)  Two rivers (Ganga and Sindhu) run from North to South. They divide each North and South sections into three sub_continents  Mountain has two tunnels connecting North and South section  Chakravarti king rules all six sub_continents (only he can pass through the tunnels)  Vasudev king rules three sub_continents  Southern middle sub_continent is known as Arya_kshetra  Remaining five sub_continents are known as Anarya_kshetra (Malechchha)  Tirthankar is born only in Arya_kshetra Bharat_kshetra

22. Bharat-kshetra (India)

23.  Mount Meru is located at the center. It is buttressed by the two Vaksara mountain ranges which surround two countries known as Uttara_kuru and Deva_kuru.  Both Kurus are Akarma_bhumi and where congenital pairs (yugalins) live.  Two rivers (Sita and Sitoda) divides into four parts ƒNortheast, Southeast, Northwest, Southwest  Each part has 8 sub_continents -  Total 32 sub_continents known as 32 vijays  A Tirthankar may born in each vijay  At present four Tirthankaras exist as follows ƒNortheast (Ishan) - Simandhar_swami (8th vijay) ƒSoutheast (Agni) - Yugamandhar_swami (9th vijay) ƒSouthwest (Nairutya) - Bahu_swami (24th vijay) ƒNorthwest (Vayavya) - Subahu_swami (25th vijay) Mahavedah_kshetra

24. Manushya_Lok (World of Humans) Manushya_Lok (World of Humans)  Humans reside only in Two and Half dvips (continents) ƒJambudvip ƒDhataki_khanda ƒHalf of Puskara_dvip  Dhataki_khanda is twice as large as Jambudvip. It has twice the number of mountains, rivers and continents of Jambudvip.  Puskara_dvip is twice as large as Dhataki_khanda but humans reside only in half of Puskar dvip. Hence it has also twice the number of mountains, rivers, and continents of Jambu_dvip.

25. Manushya_Lok (World of Humans) cont.. Manushya_Lok (World of Humans) cont..  Hence Manushya_lok consist of: ƒFifteen Karma_bhumi, –Five Bharat_kshetra, –Five Airavat_kshetra, –Five Mahavideh_kshetra (includes Five Mount Meru), ƒThirty Akarma_bhumi.  Human population of Manushya_lok is 10E29  Outside Manushya_lok ƒAnimals, Birds, Trees, Plants, etc. exist  Liberation is attained only from Karma_bhumi of Manushya_lok

26. Nandishwar-dvip 52 Eternal Temples

27. Lower World  Residents ƒNarakis (Hellish) ƒBhavanvasi devas – Naga_kumar, Asur_kumar, Padmavati  7 infernal regions (Narakis) ƒ1st region = 1 Rajju wide ƒ7th region = 7 Rajju wide  Each infernal region is made up of ƒClay, ƒIce (solid water) ƒSolid air (ghan vayu) ƒThin air (tan vayu) ƒSpace (akas)

28. Lower World continued..  Suffering increases from 1st to 7th Hell (Narakis) ƒBurning heat ƒIntense cold ƒNauseous smells ƒUnquenchable thirst ƒInsatiable hunger ƒUnavoidable torture from each other ƒIll treatment from Asuras (upto 3 Narakis)

29.  Earth is Flat  Earth is not moving  Sun and Moon moves around Mount Meru (Earth)  Two Suns and Two Moons for Jambu- dvip  Mahavideh-kshetra connected to Bharat-kshetra via land (mountains, rivers, etc..)  Sun is closer to Earth than Moon Summary