1. Corals as paleoclimatic archives Jens Zinke PROPER June 2004, VU Amsterdam

3. Coral study sites

4. Massive coral Porites sp.

5. Coral drilling

6. Coral core recovery 60cm

7. Emerged fossil coral Porites

8. Fossil corals: storm deposits

9. Environmental tracers in corals Oxygen isotopes: - Sea surface temperature - Seawater isotopic composition Carbon isotopes: - cloud cover Sr/Ca, U/Ca, Li/Ca (?): -Sea surface temperature U/Ca, Mg/Ca: -Salinity U/Th dating of fossil corals Combined Sr/Ca and d 18 O: - Hydrologic balance 14 C, Pb-isotopes: - Ocean circulation - Atmospheric circulation - Upwelling Ba/Ca, Cd/Ca: -Terrestrial river runoff - upwelling Rare Earth Elements (REE): - biological activity in seawater

10. Techniques for isotope and trace element ratios: - Oxygen and carbon isotopes on Mass Spectrometer - Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, Ba/Ca on ICP-OES - U/Ca, Li/Ca, Sr/Ca, Mn/Ca, Ba/Ca on ICP-MS and Laser Ablation ICP-MS - Sr/Ca, U/Ca, U/Th on TIMS - Rare Earth Elements with Laser Ablation ICP-MS - Element mapping and ultra-high-resolution with SIMS and PIXE

13. Exoskeleton (Aragonite crystals) Extracellular calcifying fluid Basal ectoderm of coral polyp with symbionts from seawater

14. Growth rate effects slow growth rates (below 3mm/year) = heavy isotopes McConnaughey, 2003, Coral Reefs 22

15. Isotopic fractionation Kinetic fractionation Non-photosynthetic photosynthetic McConnaughey, 2003, Coral Reefs 22

16. Density banding: first age model High density = winter Low density = summer Major growth axis 10-15 mm

18. Age model and data interpolation X-ray with density banding

19. Madagascar coral record Zinke et al. 2003, Springer

20. Calibration vs.instrumental data: Linear Regression Inverse relationship to temperature in isotopes and Sr/Ca ratios !

21. Reconstruction of SST: Core top calibration

22. Calibration/Validation of proxy data: annual means

23. Combined use of 18 O and Sr/Ca: Hydrologic balance Method in Ren et al., 2002 Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67 (9)

25. Hendy et al., 2002, Science 295

26. Time series analysis and advanced statistics

27. Advanced Statistics: Cross spectral analysis Zinke et al. 2003

28. ENSO Teleconnections

29. ENSO phenomenon

30. Webster et al., 1999

31. SST / WindPrecip.Evap. Summer monsoon (July) Winter monsoon (January)January July Coral sites superimposed on SST and monsoonal winds

32. Coral records from the Indo-Pacific

33. Western Indian Ocean coral time series Pfeiffer, 2002; Pfeiffer et al., 2004, Quaternary Research; Zinke et al. (subm)

34. Tarawa coral record, Cole et al., 1993, Science 260

35. Changing El Nino frequency derived from a coral  18 O record at Kiribati Island (1°N) located within the Nino3 region in the Pacific

36. Spatial correlation maps coral vs. Global SST: Indian Ocean - ENSO teleconnection: 1970‘s shift? before 1970 after 1970

37. U/Th dating of fossil reef cores (corals) for exact timing of sea level changes

38. Future needs: - proxies for environmental changes in coastal waters - process studies of incorporation of proxies into skeleton - multiple core replication of single core results - use of more statistical methods to unravel climate information - net work of coral records for each ocean basin for large scale climate reconstruction - collaboration with climate modeling community to test future scenarios