1. Wetlands 012

2. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

3. Intertidal zones Estuaries Salt marshes Seagrass beds Muddy & sandy bottom communities Mangroves Coral Reefs

4. Open ocean <50 g C/m 2 /year Coral reefs 1000 g C/m 2 /year Mangroves 500 g C/m 2 /year Continental Shelf: Nonupwelling 200 g C/m 2 /year Coastal upwelling 300 g C/m 2 /year Seagrass beds 1000 g C/m 2 /year Estuaries and salt marshes 800 g C/m 2 /year Upwelling 300 g C/m 2 /year

5. The transition between terrestrial and marine environments Zonation is a vertical banding of the organisms living on the rocky coastline. The area between the highest high tide and lowest low tide. These distinct bands occur in part from many complex physical and biological factors that effect marine organisms.

7. Tidal Zones on a Rocky Ocean Shore Splash Fringe Level High Tide Level Mid Tide Level Low Tide Level Low Fringe Level

8. Spray or Splash Zone High Tide Zone Middle Tide Zone Low Tide Zone Mostly shelled orgs Many soft bodied orgs and algae

10. opihi Mussels & starfish periwinkles ulva

13. Biotic factors affecting organisms living in the intertidal zone: Competition for space and food Predation Reproduction Substrate settlement preference Osmoregulation

14. Abiotic factors affecting organisms living in the intertidal zone: Salinity Temperature Air and light exposure Tidal flow Waves and current action Substrate Wind direction and strength Dissolved O2 Storms Natural Disasters

16. Estuaries are among the most productive marine ecosystems with high biomass of benthic algae, seagrass and phytoplankton

18. Wetlands in Hawaii At one time contained an estimated 59,000 acres of wetlands Over the last 200 years Hawaii has lost approximately 12 % of its original wetland acres. The exact effect of the loss or degradation of Hawaii's wetlands on local fisheries is unclear. It is estimated that only 1% of the Pacific island recreational and commercial species are estuarine- dependent. Economically important estuarine fish: mullet, milkfish, shrimp, and the nehu, a tropical anchovy used as live bait in the pole-and-line skipjack tuna fishery.

19. Oahu Watershed

20. Traditional Hawaiian Uses of Wetlands

21. Seaweeds limu

22. Hooks and Lures

23. Octopus Lure

24. Fishing Shrines ko‘a

25. Hawaiian Fish Ponds loko i‘a

26. Ahupua’a 1.Upland 2.Plains 3.Ocean Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area

27. The Ahupua‘a

28. Salt Marsh

30. Found from the Arctic to Southern Australia Salt marshes grow in muds and sands that are sheltered by barrier islands. Flood and ebb currents transport saltwater, nutrients, plankton and sediments in and out of the marsh.

31. Vegetation zones due to tides and salinity Wet grasses lands that grow along estuarine shores Found from the Arctic to Southern Australia Salt marshes grow in muds and sands that are sheltered by barrier islands. Flood and ebb currents transport saltwater, nutrients, plankton and sediments in and out of the marsh. 600 species worldwide

32. Wetlands at the upstream side of Ka’elepulu Fish Pond, looking towards Kailua Bay

36. Pacific Golden Plover Hawaiian Stilt Hawaiian Coot Hawaiian Duck Black crowned night heron Northern Pintail Duck Sanderling Wanderling tattler Rudy Turnstone

37. TilapiaMilkfish Mullet ‘O‘opu akupa

38. Opae ula Anchialine ponds

39. mangrove aki'aki akulikuli bullrush

41. Waikiki & Diamond Head 1934

42. The value of coastal wetlands Highly productive food factory Serves as fish nurseries Acts as a giant sponge: –The salt marsh absorbs large volumes of water, thus minimizing the impacts of flooding and erosion and recharging groundwater. Filters polluted runoff from land –absorbing toxins and in some cases metabolizing them into harmless substances Problem: –wetlands viewed as worthless land

43. Of the original 215 million acres of wetlands in the U.S. (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), about 106 million acres remain. distribution of wetlands in the U.S. in the 1780s distribution of wetlands in the U.S. in the 1900s

44. Current distribution of wetlands and deepwater habitats

45. Drainage Dredging and stream channelization Deposition of fill material Diking and damming Tilling for crop production Levees Logging Mining Construction Runoff Air and water pollutants Changing nutrient levels Releasing toxic chemicals Introducing non-native species to the ecosystem Grazing by domestic animals Major Causes of Wetlands Loss and Degradation Human Actions

46. Natural Threats Erosion Subsidence Sea level rise Droughts Hurricanes and other storms

47. Estuaries Estuaries are partially enclosed coastal bodies of water Examples of estuaries include: –River mouths –Bays –Inlets –Gulfs –Sounds Formed by a rise in sea level after the last Ice Age

48. Examples of estuaries Pu‘uloa

49. Classifying estuaries by water mixing Vertically mixed Slightly stratified Highly stratified Salt wedge

50. 57 species worldwide

51. Classification Five kingdom system: MoneraProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Angiosperms Gymnosperms

52. Distribution: 12 genera of seagrasses (5 in the high latitude and 7 in the low latitude) True marine angiosperm Evolved from shoreline Lillie-like plants~100 mya Vascular plants reinvaded the seas 3 different times (algae is nonvascular; i.e., no need for roots to transport water and nutrients) Can grow and reproduce while completely submerged under water

53. Halophila hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

54. Turtle grass Eel grass

55. Develop in: intertidal and shallow subtidal areas on sands and muds marine inlets and bays lagoons and channels, which are sheltered from significant wave action

56. 1.Help stabilize the sediment 2.Prevents resuspension of sediments in water (water is clearer) 3.Binds substratum, reduces turbidity, and reduces erosion 4.Sediment accumulation slows velocity of incoming water 5.Food for many organisms 6.Refuge for many organisms

57. Seagrass productivity is highly dependent on a number of factors: salinity water temperature turbidity This ecosystem is particularly sensitive to degradation due to: agricultural pollution-run-off of herbicides industrial pollution domestic pollution Threats to Seagrass Beds

59. Mangrove Distribution There are approximately 40 species of mangroves distributed worldwide

60. A diverse group of trees that are salt tolerant (halophyte) and are viviparous. shallow and protected tropical and subtropical regions (25 o N and 25 o S latitude) restricted to intertidal and adjacent marine habitats temperature range: 10 o C to 20 o C

61. Mangroves replace salt marshes in tropical regions develop where wave action is absent, sediments accumulate, mud is anoxic have prop roots and pneumatophores mangrove removal in Kailua

63. A few mangrove species can survive in freshwater, but are not good competitors with other species. Mangroves have a high salt tolerance. They can survive well in 90% o soil salinity. The ocean averages 35 % o. They need to prevent water loss by either: 1.excrete salt at leaves 2.exclude salt at roots 3.salt excretion and abscission (remove of salt laden organs) Salt Tolerance: What would happen if you watered your garden with salt water?

64. Stresses: 1.Channelization, drainage, and siltation 2.Hurricane 3.Shrimp & fish farms 4.Herbicides and defoliants 5.Pesticides and pollution 6.Thermal loading (heat)

65. Prop roots: help support the tree Pneumatophores: respiratory function– take in O 2 push nutrients to the upper soil layer

66. Propagule: fruiting body (a seedling) most mangroves are viviparous propagules drop from branches and are carried away by waves. Physiology:

67. Ecological Role of Mangroves: Stabilize sediment Accumulate detrital or other foreign material Habitat for epiphytes Fish and invertebrate nursery Nesting/roosting sites for birds Limited role as a direct food source Major contributor to detrital food chain Protect shoreline from erosion during tropical storms

68. fish and shrimp cultivation food for people firewood and boat building material tanning material finest honey Mangrove Use: Shrimp farm surrounded by degraded mangroves, Vietnam

69. Coral Reef Communities

70. Hermatypic corals: possess zooxanthellae are reef builders Light: Clear water Warm temperature: 18-32 o C Low nutrients Low productivity in water Ahermatypic corals: no zooxanthellae rely on tentacular feeding can live in aphotic zone

71. Cauliflower coral (Pocillopora meandrina) 6 m 0 m 25 m 13 m Lobe coral (Porites lobata) Finger coral (Porites compressa) Plate coral (Porites rus) High light levels Moderate wave energy Moderate light levels Occasional storm wave energy Low light levels Low wave energy Very low light, Primarily downwelling No wave energy

72. Inquiry 1.What features make mangroves so successful? 2.Identify biotic and abiotic factors affecting animals in the intertidal zone. 3.Discuss zonation of mangroves, corals, and intertidal communities