1. Wetland Banking Basics Doug Van Werden

2. Definition Wetlands Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. Wetlands must have one or more of the following three attributes: (1) at least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes; (2) the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil; and (3) the substrate is nonsoil and is saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year.

3. Types of Wetlands Marshes Tidal Nontidal Wet meadows Vernal pools Prairie potholes Playa lakes Swamps Forested Swamps Bottomland Hardwoods Shrub Swamps Mangrove Swamps Bogs Northern Bogs Pocosins Fens

4. Legal Jurisdiction 1977 Clean Water Act (CWA) states that the wetlands program goal is “no net loss of wetlands” Section 404 requires any construction project that may require the loss of an acre or more of wetlands to notify and apply for a permit from the Corps. 1985 Food Security Act 1990 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the EPA and the Department of the Army. 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 1995 Memorandum to the Field. “Federal Guidance for the Establishment, Use and Operation of Mitigation Banks”

5. Legal Jurisdiction Federal level - thirteen congressional committees and subcommittees, eight cabinet agencies, six independent regulatory agencies, and two White House offices. Over 300 departments at the state level Over 100,000 local water-related entities

6. Remediation Measures Avoidance Minimization Repair & Rehabilitation Mitigation

7. Mitigation banking “wetland restoration, creation, or enhancement …. “ performed in advance of permitted wetland losses

8. Mitigation Where On-site Off-site Type Enhancement Restoration Preservation Construction Compensation Ratios

9. Wetland Banking - Adv 1. Better management and monitoring 2. Legal responsibilities transferred to the mitigation bank sponsor. 3. Decreases design and construction time. 4. Permitting is more stream lined and takes less time. 5. More economical and cost efficient 6. Mitigation costs known

10. Wetland Banking - Adv 7. Developers not be responsible for wetlands maintenance 8. Increases the efficiency of limited resources 9. Large banks allow for a larger variety of flora and fauna 10. More successful than small wetland patches

11. Wetland Banking - Adv 11. Eliminates public concerns that mitigation will not take place or not work 12. Not constricted by the land area of the development project 13. No lag time between destroying the old wetlands and having the new wetlands being productive. 14. Helps prevent regulatory takings and the claims generated.

12. Wetland Banking - Disadv 1. May not be allowed to use 2. Loss of specific types of wetlands 3. Generally are not considered as in-kind mitigation 4. Loss of local ecological environment 5. Might be composed of less valuable compensatory wetlands 6. Lower stewardship by the governmental 7. Potential for a net loss of wetlands

13. Types of Banks Single-Client Publicly-Sponsored, Credit-For-Sale Privately-Sponsored, Credit-For-Sale

14. Single-Client Advantages – Developer has complete control of the bank. – Developer can place on-site at a large project to compensate for several small on-site/off-site wetland patches. – Allows for wetland compensation in advance of planned future projects. Disadvantages – Developer is responsible for all the legal aspects. – Developer must plan, design, and construct. – Developer is responsible for the management. – Developer pays all costs – No income is gained

15. Publicly-Sponsored, Credit-For-Sale Advantages – Sponsor is paid to develop, construct, and manage – Credit buyers pay less since nonprofit – Owners usually build to protect and enhance wetlands – Owners may use to bring business into an area – Owners are generally highly motivated to make the bank work. – Consolidation of permitting, credit-production, oversight, and management Disadvantages – Finding sponsors. – Unforeseen costs later in a bank’s life – Credits are bought over a time period. – Credits not sold until the project is completed – Sponsors must be able to pay for the planning and development

16. Privately-Sponsored, Credit-For-Sale Advantages – Profitable – Is a business – Brings market forces behind saving the wetlands – Must be of high quality so as to attract credit buyers Disadvantages – Legal responsibilities may revert back to credit buyers if sponsor goes bankrupt – Potential for sponsor to deceive buyers – Sponsor in it for the money – Credit fees higher than if buying into a nonprofit bank

17. Costs Costs range from a few dollars per acre to hundreds of thousands per acre. Costs can range from 66,000 to 306,000 dollars per acre on land that originally was not meant to sustain wetlands Saves 75% of the cost to rebuild wetlands

18. Remember Complicated Governmental Regulations Mitigation Banks can be great Saves Money