1. The causes of extreme rainfall in East Africa: insights from observed data and GCMs Emily Black, Julia Slingo and Ken Sperber

2. Area of interest Why this area? Good rainfall data High rainfall during the autumn season Prone to floods

3. Talk Outline Relationship between the short rains in equatorial East Africa and circulation in the Indian Ocean basin (observations and reanalysis data) Simulation of this relationship in atmosphere-only and coupled GCMs – the feasibility of model studies Summary and conclusions

4. Talk Outline Relationship between the short rains in equatorial East Africa and circulation in the Indian Ocean basin (observations and reanalysis data) Simulation of this relationship in atmosphere-only and coupled GCMs – the feasibility of model studies Summary and conclusions What SST patterns are associated with high rainfall in East Africa? How might these SST patterns drive East African rainfall?

5. South-west monsoon Long rains Short rains The Seasonal cycle in East African rainfall

6. Equatorial region Southern region El Nino and East African rainfall

7. Indian Ocean Warming in the west Cooling in the east Perturbed zonal SST gradient Pacific Ocean: Warming in east and central Pacific Ocean

8. El Nino High short rains in East Africa Indian Ocean processes ? ? ? Indian Ocean Dipole (Webster et al 1999; Saji et al (1999)) 1961 and 1997 both dipole years Peaks in October/November Large-scale climate phenomena and East African rainfall

9. Question: What is it about extreme but not moderate events that triggers high rainfall? DMI Rainfall

11. Wind composites – NCEP reanalysis Extreme Moderate Climatology

12. Reversed SST gradient for several months Easterly zonal wind anomalies in the northern central Indian Ocean Weakening of the climatological moderately strong westerlies Less transport of moisture away from the African continent High rainfall in East Africa

13. 1)How well are the short rains in East Africa represented by coupled and atmosphere only GCMs? 2)How does the IOZM interact with East African rainfall in a coupled / atmosphere only GCM? Is this realistic? 3)What insights into the mechanisms controlling East African rainfall can be gained using a coupled GCM? Models used: Atmosphere only model ECHAM – 4 forced by observed SST 1979 – 1997 (T42, 19 vertical levels) Coupled model SINTEX coupled model 200 year run (T42, 19 levels) Simulation of this relationship in atmosphere-only and coupled GCMs – the feasibility of model studies

14. Rainfall seasonal cycle in atmosphere only/coupled models Observation ECHAM 4SINTEX

15. SST during rainy years Observed SINTEX ECHAM 4

16. Comparison between model and observed winds (extreme IOZM years) NCEP reanalysis ECHAM-4 SINTEX

17. Relationship between rainfall and the DMI Observed ECHAM-4SINTEX

18. Summary and conclusions a dynamic scenario that explains the excessive rainfall in East Africa during IOZM years has been presented the relationship between the IOZM and East African rainfall in the SINTEX coupled model is similar in some ways to the relationship implied by reanalysis and observational data the relationship between the IOZM and East African rainfall is not well simulated by an atmosphere only models in both coupled model simulations and observations the relationship between the IOZM and East African rainfall is non- linear with the possibility that the coupled system enters different regimes depending on the strength of the SST boundary forcing