1. OXYGEN THERAPY Dora M Alvarez MD 2001

2. Oxygen Delivery Systems A-a Gradient Oxygen Transport Oxygen Deliver to Tissues

3. ABC of Critical Care Basic Principle: The normal cellular function and survival depends upon a continuous supply of oxygen. Continuos monitoring is aimed to prevent tissue hypoxia by early detection and treatment of abnormalities leading to hypoxia

4. Inspired oxygen from the environment moves across the alveolar-capillary membrane into the blood and is then transported to the tissues.

5. INDICATORS OF OXYGENATION Arterial Oxygen Tension (PaO2)‏ Pulse Oximetry basic principles are: – light absorption (different wavelengths)‏ – Plephysmography

6. Mechanisms of Hypoxia Pathophysiologic Mechanism leading to hypoxia – Hypoventilation – V/Q Mismatch – R to L shunt – Diffusion impairment – Reduced inspired oxygen tension

7. The alveolar-arterial oxygen (A-a)‏ (A-a) gradient is a useful measure of the efficiency of oxygenation. It compares the diffusion of oxygen from the patient's alveoli to his or her pulmonary capillaries with diffusion in an idealized model of the lung without ventilation/perfusion inequalities or cyclical variations in ventilation or circulation.

8. A-a Gradient Calculation of this value incorporates a measure of alveolar ventilation (alveolar CO2, approximated as arterial CO2), therefore it is unaffected by hyper- or hypoventilation

9. The A-a gradient can be calculated from the following formula: A-a gradient = FiO2 x (pAtm-pH2O) - (paCO2/R) + [paCO2 x FiO2 x (1-R)/R] - paO2, where pAtm = 760 mmHg x exp( -altitude in meters/7000 ) [3], and pH2O = 47 mmHg x exp( (Temperature in centigrade-37)/18.4 ) [4].

10. Arterial pCO2 in mmHg: 40 Arterial pO2 in mmHg: 90 Percent of inspired O2 (%): 21 (Fraction of inspired O2: 0.21 )‏ Respiratory quotient: 0.8 Patient's temperature in °F: 98.6 (or in °C: 37.0 )‏ Approximate elevation in feet: 0 (or in meters: 0 )‏ A-a gradient in mmHg: 10

11. Normal A-a gradient values have not been well established, but Tend to increase with age Are slightly higher on 100 percent oxygen than on room air.

12. Oxygen Deliver This delivery system sustains aerobic cellular metabolism throughout the body.

13. The Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO2)‏ The sum of the quantity of oxygen bound to hemoglobin plus the amount of free oxygen dissolved in the blood, according to the equation is CaO2 = (1.34 x Hb concentration x SaO2) + (0.0031 x PaO2)‏ where: PaO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood SaO2 is the arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation

14. Hb-Oxygen Disociation. O2 Sat PaO2 P50

15. CaO2 = (1.34 x Hb concentration x SaO2) + (0.0031 x PaO2)‏ = (1.34 x 15 x 0.98 % ) + (0.0031 x 90)‏ 19.7 + 0.28 = ~ 20 mL of O2 /dL of blood Arterial Oxygen Content

16. Mixed Venous Oxygen Content CaO2 = (1.34 x Hb concentration x SvO2) + (0.0031 x PvO2)‏ where: PvO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in the mixed venous blood SvO2 is the mixed venous oxyhemoglobin saturation = (1.34 x 15 x 0.7 % ) + (0.0031 x 40)‏ 14 + 0.124 = ~ 14.1 mL of O2 /dL of blood The normal mixed venous oxygen content is ~ 15 mL O2/dL.

17. Oxygen Delivery Oxygen delivery (DO2) is the amount of oxygen transported from the lungs to the microcirculation. Oxygen delivery depends upon the cardiac output (Q) and CaO2: DO2 (mL/min) = Q x CaO2 The normal oxygen delivery is approximately 1000 mL/min. If the calculation is done using cardiac index rather than cardiac output, then DO2 normalized to body surface area is ~ 500 mL/min/m2.

18. Oxygen Consumption Oxygen consumption (VO2)‏ Alternatively, oxygen consumption can be indirectly calculated from the Fick equation: VO2 = Q x (CaO2 - CvO2)‏ ~ 250 mL/min (1/4 of Oxygen deliver)‏

19. Oxygen Toxicity