1. Exposing C.reinhardtii to Anaerobic Atmospheric Conditions to Enhance Hydrogen Production Christina George Period 0,1 Even

2. Need http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/co2_atmosphere.jpg

3. Need http://www.tspusa.com/images/TICimages/alternativefuels1.gif

4. Knowledge Base  Anaerobic Conditions: the absence of oxygen http://www.ilmvac.co.uk/content/products/Anaerobic-container-p112555-01.html

5. Knowledge Base  Sulfur Deprivation: Growing the algae in Sulfur- replete medium or Sulfur-free medium http://www.enasco.com/prod/images/products/8A/VC128314l.jpg

6. Knowledge Base  Autotrophic organism that produces hydrogen in sulfur deprived anaerobic conditions http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2009/03 /090324171556-large.jpg C.reinahrdtii

7. Knowledge Base http://generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/lectsupl/Light/p54f1.gif Light intensities v. the CO2 exchange when measured by the photosynthetic rate

8. Isoamylase  Important enzyme for starch accumulation which is important for hydrogen production (Posewitz, 2005). http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/genomes/date/1bf2.gif

9. Literature Review  Rosenbaum, Miriam (2005) ‘Utilizing the Green Alga C.reinhardtii for Microbial Electricity Generation” Direct electricity generation from microbial photosynthetic activity Oxidative depletion of hydrogen, photosynthetically produced by C.reinahrdtii under sulfur deprived conditions, by polymer coated electro catalytic electrodes

10. Literature Review  Melis, Anastasios (2000) “Sustained Photobiological Hydrogen Gas Production upon Reversible Inactivation of oxygen Evolution in C.reinhardtii” As sulfur deprivation increases, so does the hydrogen production

11. Literature Review  Posewitz, Matthew C. (2004) “Hydrogen Photoproduction is Attenuated by Disruption of an Isoamylase Gene in C.reinhardtii” Time represents the anaerobic induction time CC425=C.reinhardtii

12. Literature Review  Logan, Bruce E. (2006) “Using Algae and other Biomass for Hydrogen Production in a Modified Microbial Fuel Cell” A small voltage was applied (.25 V) to the algae, which generated pure hydrogen gas at the cathode

13. Purpose  Therefore, the purpose of this experiment is to find the optimal duration of anaerobic exposure needed to optimize C.reinhardtii hydrogen production

14. Hypotheses  Alternate: A long period of anaerobic conditions will increase the hydrogen production  Null: The duration and frequency of anaerobic conditions will have no effect on the amount of hydrogen produced

15. Exposing C.reinhardtii to Anaerobic Atmospheric Conditions to Enhance Hydrogen Production Problem: What is the optimal duration of anaerobic exposure needed to optimize C.reinhardtii hydrogen production? Control Groups: The Algae growth medium, Temperatur e, and light intensity Independent Variable: Growth of C.reinhardtii and hydrogen produced (original concentration 700mL) Dependent Variable: Carbon dioxide levels, pH levels All data will statistically analyzed by SPSS, by an ANOVA followed by a Sheffe Post Hoc Test. Data will then be put in line graphs. -The hydrogen gas produced will be measured using an H2Scan hydrogen detector. -A fluorometer will be used to measure the photosynthetic rate..5 hours of anaerobic atmospher ic conditions 3 hours of anaerobic atmospheri c conditions 6 hours of anaerobic atmospheric conditions -Carbon dioxide concentration measured using a Pasco GLX Xplorer -pH levels measured using pH paper -growth of C.reinhardtii measured using a Spectrophotometer Algae will be grown in designated duration of anaerobic time in an anaerobic container, and will be fertilized with sulfur deprived growth medium (100 mL). Control group of algae will be grown in the airlift bioreactor (700 ml) with no anaerobic or sulfur deprived conditions

16. Do Ability  C.reinhardtii: Can be grown in the lab as done in previous years  Anaerobic container can be purchased  A hydrogen sensor will be difficult to find at a low cost

17. Budget VendorOrder # Quantit yDescriptionPrice Total price Carolina Biological 152040 2C.reinhardtii9.50 (ea)19 Carolina Biological 153752 2algae fertilizer16.85 (ea)33.7 Ilmavc 112555-01 1anaerobic container Warehouse Lighting WS-110344 1flourescent light99.99 CYTO-Airlift1bioreactor A.W. Sperry1photometer fishsupply.com slnt-sdt02 1timer19.99 Aturner DesignsFluorometer NEODYMHK-GH-A080C-W50A-O5-R1-S1-E2-I2-P1-J1-Z01 Hydrogen Sensor 169.99

18. Work Cited  Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. "Carbon Dioxide Transformed Into Methanol." ScienceDaily 17 April 2009. 23 April 2009.  **“Algae Could One Day Be Major Hydrogen Fuel Source.” Science Daily. April 2, 2008.  American Chemical Society. "'Ice That Burns' May Yield Clean, Sustainable Bridge To Global Energy Future." ScienceDaily 24 March 2009. 23 April 2009.  Basque Research. "Obtaining Bio-gas From Food Industry Waste." ScienceDaily 31 March 2009. 7 May 2009.  **Chisti, Yusuf. “Biodiesel from Microalgae.” Biotechnology Advances. Vol. 25, Pgs. 294-306. February 13, 2007.  CNRS. "Renewable Energies: The Promise Of Organic Solar Cells." ScienceDaily 10 April 2009. 7 May 2009.  DOE/Los Alamos National Laboratory. "New Hope For Biomass Fuels: Breaking The Ties That Bind." ScienceDaily 29 April 2009. 3 May 2009.  **Fouchard, Swanny. "Autotrophic and Mixotrophic Hydrogen Photoproduction in Sulfur Deprived C.Reinhardtii." Applied and Enviornmental Microbiology 71 (2005): 6199-6205. 16 May 2008 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1265920&blobtype=pdf  **Kim Pyo, Jun; et al. “Enhancing hydrogen production by controlling light intensity in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Vol.31, Pgs. 1585-1590., September 2006.  **Najafpour, G. "Continuous Hydrogen Production via Fermentation of Synthesis Gas." Petroleum and Coal 45 (2003): 154-158. 12 May 2008.  National Institute of Standards and Technology. "Discovery Of An Unexpected Boost For Solar Water-splitting Cells." ScienceDaily 26 April 2009. 3 May 2009.  Natural Environment Research Council. "Plants Absorb More Carbon Dioxide Under Polluted Hazy Skies." ScienceDaily 23 April 2009. 23 April 2009.  Weizmann Institute of Science. "New Way To Split Water Into Hydrogen And Oxygen Developed." ScienceDaily 8 April 2009. 23 April 2009.  **(articles used from last years study)