1. Jackson’s Administration
Chapter 10, Section 2
Jackson’s Administration

2. Three Regions Emerge
Regional differences played a major role in Andrew Jackson’s presidency
The way that Americans viewed Andrew Jackson’s policies were based on where they lived and the economy of the region
Sectionalism

3. Three Regions Emerge North South West
Economy based on trade and manufacturing
Economy based on agriculture-cotton and tobacco plantations
Emerging economy
Supported tariffs because they helped them compete with British factories
Opposed tariffs because it made imported goods more expensive for them
Favored economic policies that boosted their farming economy and encouraged settlement
Opposed federal government sale of cheap land because it encourage potential laborers to move from northern factories to the west
Relied on enslaved Africans for labor
Favored internal improvements such as better roads and water transportation

4. Tariff of Abominations
The year before Andrew Jackson was elected president, northerners began demanding tariffs on imported woolen goods
Wanted northern business protected from foreign competition (particularly Great Britain)
British companies were driving American ones out of business with their inexpensive manufactured goods
Southerners did not want the tariffs, because it would hurt their economy

5. Tariff of Abominations
High tariff placed on imports by Congress
Signed by John Quincy Adams, though he did not support it
In doing so, he knew he would not be re-elected
Southerners were outraged

6. States’ Rights Debate
Upon taking office, Andrew Jackson immediately faced the growing conflict over tariffs
At the heart of the dispute was the question of an individual state’s right to disregard a law that had been passed by Congress

7. Nullification Crisis
Andrew Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun was a southerner and opposed to the Tariff of Abominations
Economic depression as a result of the tariff had severely damaged the economy of his home state, South Carolina
His strong opposition to the tariff is an example of Sectionalism

8. Nullification Crisis
In response to the tariff, John C. Calhoun drafted the South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Stated that Congress should not favor one state or region over another
Calhoun used this work to advance the States’ Rights Doctrine
Argued that because states had formed the national government, state power should be greater that federal power
Stated that states had the right to nullify (reject) any federal law they judged to be unconstitutional

9. Nullification Crisis
John C. Calhoun’s theories were very controversial
Northern point of view
Supported the tariff because it increased their economy
Believed that American people, not states, made up the Union
Southern point of view
Intense hatred for the tariff because it damaged their economy
Supported Calhoun’s theories
Nullification Crisis
Deepening conflict between supporters and opponents of nullification

10. Nullification Crisis
Even though John C. Calhoun did not put his name on Exposition and Protest, he resigned from the vice presidency
Elected to the Senate, where he continued arguments in favor of nullification
Replaced by Martin Van Buren when Jackson was re-elected

11. The Hayne-Webster Debate
Issue of states’ rights began early in our nation’s history
Viewpoints strongly influenced by sectionalism
For example, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison supported individual state’s power to disagree with the federal government
Both Jefferson and Madison were southerners
John C. Calhoun’s theory went a step further than his predecessors
Believed that individual states had the power to declare laws passed by the federal government unconstitutional, thus putting the power of the Supreme Court into question

12. The Hayne-Webster Debate
The issue of nullification of the Tariff of Abominations was intensely debated in the Senate in 1830
Robert C. Hayne
Southerner from South Carolina
Defended states’ rights
Argued that nullification gave states a way to lawfully protest federal legislation
Daniel Webster
Northerner from Massachusetts
Argued that the United States was one nation
Believed that the welfare of the nation should override that of individual states

13. Jackson Responds
Andrew Jackson was deeply opposed to nullification but also concerned about the economy of the southern states
Urged Congress to pass another tariff lowering the previous rate
South Carolina
Felt the slight change was inadequate
Decided to test the doctrine of states’ rights by passing the Nullification Act
Declared both tariffs null and void
Threatened secession
State legislature voted to form their own army

14. Jackson Responds
An enraged President Andrew Jackson sternly condemned nullification
Declared he would enforce the law in South Carolina
Force Bill
Passed by Congress at the urging of President Andrew Jackson
Approving the use of the army if necessary
No other state chose to support South Carolina

15. Jackson Responds Compromise
Proposed by Henry Clay of Kentucky
Gradual lowering of tariffs
As President Andrew Jackson’s intention to utilize military force against South Carolina became clear, Congress and South Carolina quickly approved the compromise
Despite the compromise, neither side changed their mind about states’ rights
Argument continued for years, ending in what became known as The Civil War

16. Jackson Attacks the Bank
President Andrew Jackson did not always support greater federal power
Opposed the Second Bank of the United States
Second Bank of the United States
Granted a 20 year charter by Congress
Given exclusive power to act as the federal government’s financial agent
Held federal deposits
Made transfers of federal funds between states
Dealt with any payments or receipts involving the federal government
Issued bank notes (paper money)
Operations supervised by Congress and the president

17. Jackson Attacks the Bank
Southern states opposed to the bank
Believed the bank only helped wealthy, northern business owners
Sectionalism at work
Jackson questioned the legality of the bank
Believed it was an unconstitutional extension of the power of Congress and that states should have the power to control the banking system

18. Jackson Attacks the Bank
States decided to take action
Maryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the Bank’s operations
James McCulloch (cashier of the Bank’s branch in Maryland) refused to pay the tax
McCulloch v Maryland
U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled that the national bank was Constitutional
Nicholas Biddle
Director of the bank
Pushed for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter
President Andrew Jackson vowed to kill any bill renewing the Bank’s charter
True to his word, Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill

19. Jackson Attacks the Bank
Congress did not get 2/3 vote to override the President’s veto
President Andrew Jackson weakened the Bank’s power by moving most of its funds to state banks
In many cases, state banks used the funds to offer easy credit terms to people buying land
Helped the expansion of the West, but led to inflation

20. Jackson Attacks the Bank
In the summer of 1836, President Andrew Jackson tried to slow inflation by ordering Americans to use only gold and silver instead of paper money
This policy was not the success Andrew Jackson hoped for
Jackson did improve the national economy by lowering the national debt
Jackson’s economic policies opened the door for approaching economic troubles

21. Panic of 1837
President Andrew Jackson chose not to run for re-election in 1836
Democratic party nominated Vice President Martin Van Buren
Whig Party
Formed in 1834 to oppose Jackson
Favored the idea of a weak president and a strong congress
Chose 4 candidates to run against Van Buren
Van Buren won the election of 1836

22. Panic of 1837 Panic of 1837 Election of 1840
Severe economic depression
Shortly after President Martin Van Buren took office
Even though it was Jackson’s fault, the American people blamed President Martin Van Buren
Election of 1840
Whig Party united to stand behind one candidate
William Henry Harrison
Military hero
Won in a landslide