1. UMAP Workshop on Student Mobility and Credit Transfer Implementation
Great Ballroom, 3rd Floor, Century Park Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand, July 13, 2012,
The Importance of “Permeable” Framework in Asian Higher Education
Introduction to Credit Transfer Schemes (ECTS1 and UCTS2) and the New Definition of UCTS: A comparative analysis and its implication in Asia and Pacific
Taiji Hotta, Ph.D
Vice-Executive of International Affairs,
Associate ProfessorHiroshima University, Japan
All opinions in this presentation are solely my own view and do not represent any policy of the Japanese government

2. Why need a Permeable Framework for Mobility?
Globalization = More Mobility of people in the world
However, many differences among nations which are good, but also problematic in some cases
Unfair/wrong judgment about student’s credentials acquired from different system/nation
This is largely due to the lack of readable, comparable and compatible information (Permeability) on education among different institutions
Thus, a permeable framework of higher education is needed for Europe and Asia to promote balanced mobility
SmartArt custom animation effects: vertical block list
(Intermediate)
To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click List. In the List pane, click Vertical Block List (fourth row, third option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide.
To create a fourth row, do the following:
Select the third block shape (the shape on the left side) at the bottom of the graphic, under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click the arrow next to Add Shape, and select Add Shape After.
To add a bulleted rectangle next to the fourth block shape, select the fourth block shape, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click Add Bullet.
To enter numbers and text in the blocks and rectangles, select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text for each shape. (Note: In the example slide, the first-level text boxes contain “1,” “2,” “3,” and “4.” There should be only one second-level text box for each first-level box (delete the second bullet), and they contain “First statement,” “Second statement,” and so on.)
To reproduce the rectangle effects on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and then select each of the rectangles (on the right side of the graphic).
Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click the arrow to the right of Change Shape, and under Rectangles select Snip Diagonal Corner Rectangle (fifth option from the left).
With the rectangles still selected, drag one of the left center adjustment handles 1” to the left to lengthen all four rectangles.
With the rectangles still selected, on the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box, select 36, and in the Font Color list, under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).
With the rectangles still selected, on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Paragraph group, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher. In the Paragraph dialog box, under Indentation, do the following:
In the Before Text box, enter 1”.
In the Special list, select Hanging.
Next to the Special list, in the By box, enter 1”.
Select the SmartArt graphic, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click More Styles, and under 3-D select Polished Effect (first option from the left).
Select the first rectangle from the top (“First statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Red, Accent 2 (first row, sixth option from the left).
Select the second rectangle from the top (“Second statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, seventh option from the right).
Select the third rectangle from the top (“Third statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Purple, Accent 4 (first row, eighth option from the left).
Select the fourth rectangle from the top (“Fourth statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 6 (first row, tenth option from the left).
To reproduce the circles on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the four block shapes (the shapes on the left side) in the SmartArt graphic, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click the arrow to the right of Change Shape, and under Basic Shapes select Oval (first row, first option from the left).
On the slide, drag one of the top right adjustment handles to the left to change the ovals into circles and to decrease their size.
Also with the four circles selected, drag the circles until they cover the bullet on the rectangles, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Color list, under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 50% (sixth row, first option from the left).
Also on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Radial.
In the Direction list, select From Center (third option from the left).
Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:
Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:
In the Stop position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).
Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following:
In the Stop position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 2, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left).
To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation.
On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then in the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:
Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle select Fade.
With the SmartArt graphic still selected, click Add Effect, point to Motion Paths, and select Right.
On the slide, right-click the motion path and select Reverse Path Direction.
In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and select the two effects in the task pane. Click the arrow to the right of the selected effects and select Effect Options. In the Effects Options dialog box, do the following:
On the Timing tab, in the Speed list, select Fast.
On the SmartArt Animation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by one.
Click the double arrows under the two effects to show all the effects for all the shapes (16 effects).
Press and hold CTRL, select all of the effects, and then under Modify selected effects, in the Start list, select With Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, select the first, third, fifth, and seventh effects (fade entrance effects), and then do the following:
Click Change, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Grow & Turn.
Under Modify: Grow & Turn, in the Start list, select After Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, and select the ninth, 11th, 13th, and 15th effects (right motion paths). Click the arrow next to one of the selected effects, and then click Remove.
Drag the ninth effect (right motion path) until it is third in the list of effects.
Drag the 10th effect (right motion path), until it is sixth in the list of effects.
Drag the 11th effect (right motion path), until it is ninth in the list of effects.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left).
In the Stop position box, enter 33%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left).

3. (European Credit Transfer System)
Part １
Introduction of ECTS
(European Credit Transfer System) 3

4. Development of ERASMUS
ERASMUS3 (European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Student) was established as a new scheme for students exchanges in EU in 1987
( ) (1) Professors’ strong initiatives for the expansion of departmental exchanges & (2) Staff exchanges
( ) Development of institutional exchanges and decentralization of finance from EU to universities
( ) More expansion with SOCRATES II. (also with Development of Bologna Process since 1999 and ERASMUS MUNDOAS since 2003)
(2007–2013) the Lifelong Learning Programme. Integration of various educational programs, including ERASMUS 4

5. Development of ECTS
There are currently 2,000+ higher education institutions participating in ERASMUS across the 31 countries involved in the Socrates programme and 1.7 million students have already taken part. Now about 160,000+(2006/7) student mobility annually in Europe. (out of 17millions students)
Development of ECTS (European Credit Transfer Scheme) for credit transfer. ECTS requires 60 credits per year（ hours of workload）. ECTS is a very systematic and permeable credit transfer system: 60 ECTS/ year (consists of the largest numbers of common measures, i.e.,1,2,3,4,5,6,10,12, 15, 20, 30, 60 ) for the world
Now, many universities use it, but not in full scale. there are around 1,000 institutions actually use it, but many of them use only for departmental exchanges, not for institutional exchanges 5

6. Development of Bologna Process
June 19, 1999, 29 Ministers of Education had a meeting at Bologna, Italy. (eventually, members expanded to 46 nations)
Six missions in Bologna Declarations. Some of them are the promotion of (1) common framework of readable and compatible degrees (ECTS, Diploma supplement and learning outcomes), (2) two cycle system (3-2 v.s. 4-1) (3) ECTS for accumulation towards degree (1 ECTS=25-30 hours of workload) and (4) mobility of students and teachers in Europe
By 2010, the major restructure of high. Ed. system under the Bologna Process has been nearly completed by initial member states. 6

7. ECTS in Bologna Process
ECTS as an official credit system for European universities. (Accumulation System)　
Many European nations are under the process of their reform to use ECTS as a national standard
Selection of “ECTS Label” institutions by the European Commission.
ECTS has created an increase of “transferred domestic students” with credits (btw 1st & 2nd Cycle)
ECTS has caused the development of student centered curriculum from institutional pre-designed course work
Issue: Use of ECTS grading has been limited. 7

8. Comparative analysis of UCTS (UMAP4 Credit Transfer System) and ECTS
Part 2
Comparative analysis of UCTS (UMAP4 Credit Transfer System) and ECTS 8

9. Challenges of UCTS
UCTS modeled ECTS. (1 year study =60 ECTS/UCTS) However, it did not use the concept of 1 ECTS=25-30 workload.
No strong international link in UMAP, unlike EU in Europe (No common goal?)
There were active government initiatives for the promotion of both UCTS in Asia. However, no legal change or very limited university reform was done, unlike the Bologna Process in Europe.
P.34 9

10. Dilemma of UCTS
The expansion of student mobility under USCO5 in UMAP has been limited compared to ERASMUS.
The limit use of UCTS might be due to somewhat difficult conversion process of it
However, more serious cause is that we do not need any conversion when we transfer credits with many other Asian and also American universities.
P.34 10

11. New Definition of UCTS and its implication
Part 3
Seeking A Permeable Framework among Asian Higher Education Institutions:
New Definition of UCTS and its implication
FOR FUTURE DISCUSSION
All opinions in this part of presentation are solely my own view and do not represent any policy of the Japanese government 11 11

12. Importance of “Permeability” in Asia
“Convergence” as a key concept of the Bologna Process, but a major restructuring of the system in Europe
“Harmonization” process in Asian higher education and the development of “UCTS” by UMAP and “ACTS6” by AUN7 and SEAMEO8
“Globalization” for international competition, but also for “Lifelong Learning” (acceptance of different educational backgrounds)
Improvement of “Permeability” in Asia: Establishment of educational recognition system which allows students to transfer their educational experiences from one institution to another without any biased judgment 12 12

13. Background of recent researches & Presentation
“A study on ACTS and credit transfer systems of ASEAN+3 nations” (a mission research of the Ministry of Education, Japan) was conducted during February-March, 2010
Initial findings of this research was presented at the “ASEM Seminar on Credits and Learning Outcomes”, Berlin, in 2010
“A Comparative Table of 13 Asian Countries” & 7 country reports were posted at;
in early 2011
Four proposals for further discussion in Asian region were presented at the “International Symposium on Exchange among Universities with Quality Assurance in East Asian Region”, Tokyo, in September 2011
Now, applying a grant for the research of 25 Asian nations’ comparative study
SmartArt custom animation effects: vertical block list
(Intermediate)
To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click List. In the List pane, click Vertical Block List (fourth row, third option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide.
To create a fourth row, do the following:
Select the third block shape (the shape on the left side) at the bottom of the graphic, under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click the arrow next to Add Shape, and select Add Shape After.
To add a bulleted rectangle next to the fourth block shape, select the fourth block shape, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click Add Bullet.
To enter numbers and text in the blocks and rectangles, select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text for each shape. (Note: In the example slide, the first-level text boxes contain “1,” “2,” “3,” and “4.” There should be only one second-level text box for each first-level box (delete the second bullet), and they contain “First statement,” “Second statement,” and so on.)
To reproduce the rectangle effects on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and then select each of the rectangles (on the right side of the graphic).
Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click the arrow to the right of Change Shape, and under Rectangles select Snip Diagonal Corner Rectangle (fifth option from the left).
With the rectangles still selected, drag one of the left center adjustment handles 1” to the left to lengthen all four rectangles.
With the rectangles still selected, on the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box, select 36, and in the Font Color list, under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).
With the rectangles still selected, on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Paragraph group, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher. In the Paragraph dialog box, under Indentation, do the following:
In the Before Text box, enter 1”.
In the Special list, select Hanging.
Next to the Special list, in the By box, enter 1”.
Select the SmartArt graphic, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click More Styles, and under 3-D select Polished Effect (first option from the left).
Select the first rectangle from the top (“First statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Red, Accent 2 (first row, sixth option from the left).
Select the second rectangle from the top (“Second statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, seventh option from the right).
Select the third rectangle from the top (“Third statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Purple, Accent 4 (first row, eighth option from the left).
Select the fourth rectangle from the top (“Fourth statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 6 (first row, tenth option from the left).
To reproduce the circles on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the four block shapes (the shapes on the left side) in the SmartArt graphic, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click the arrow to the right of Change Shape, and under Basic Shapes select Oval (first row, first option from the left).
On the slide, drag one of the top right adjustment handles to the left to change the ovals into circles and to decrease their size.
Also with the four circles selected, drag the circles until they cover the bullet on the rectangles, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Color list, under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 50% (sixth row, first option from the left).
Also on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Radial.
In the Direction list, select From Center (third option from the left).
Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:
Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:
In the Stop position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).
Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following:
In the Stop position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 2, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left).
To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation.
On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then in the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:
Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle select Fade.
With the SmartArt graphic still selected, click Add Effect, point to Motion Paths, and select Right.
On the slide, right-click the motion path and select Reverse Path Direction.
In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and select the two effects in the task pane. Click the arrow to the right of the selected effects and select Effect Options. In the Effects Options dialog box, do the following:
On the Timing tab, in the Speed list, select Fast.
On the SmartArt Animation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by one.
Click the double arrows under the two effects to show all the effects for all the shapes (16 effects).
Press and hold CTRL, select all of the effects, and then under Modify selected effects, in the Start list, select With Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, select the first, third, fifth, and seventh effects (fade entrance effects), and then do the following:
Click Change, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Grow & Turn.
Under Modify: Grow & Turn, in the Start list, select After Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, and select the ninth, 11th, 13th, and 15th effects (right motion paths). Click the arrow next to one of the selected effects, and then click Remove.
Drag the ninth effect (right motion path) until it is third in the list of effects.
Drag the 10th effect (right motion path), until it is sixth in the list of effects.
Drag the 11th effect (right motion path), until it is ninth in the list of effects.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left).
In the Stop position box, enter 33%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left).

14. 1 2 3 4 Common Tendencies in Asia (Part 1)
1 credit = hours of teaching
The number of teaching hours is more commonly used for counting credits than the amount of student workload. 1
4 year bachelor’s programs
Except Malaysia and Laos. Medicine and engineering require 5-6 years 2
120 to 150 credits for a (4 years) bachelor’s degree. 3
Estimated student workload is hours/credit
(Based on # of hours/credit in internship, lab work and field work)
China ( ), Japan (45), Cambodia (45), Indonesia (46), Malaysia (40), the Philippines (51), NTU in Singapore (39), Thailand (45) 4
SmartArt custom animation effects: vertical block list
(Intermediate)
To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click List. In the List pane, click Vertical Block List (fourth row, third option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide.
To create a fourth row, do the following:
Select the third block shape (the shape on the left side) at the bottom of the graphic, under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click the arrow next to Add Shape, and select Add Shape After.
To add a bulleted rectangle next to the fourth block shape, select the fourth block shape, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click Add Bullet.
To enter numbers and text in the blocks and rectangles, select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text for each shape. (Note: In the example slide, the first-level text boxes contain “1,” “2,” “3,” and “4.” There should be only one second-level text box for each first-level box (delete the second bullet), and they contain “First statement,” “Second statement,” and so on.)
To reproduce the rectangle effects on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and then select each of the rectangles (on the right side of the graphic).
Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click the arrow to the right of Change Shape, and under Rectangles select Snip Diagonal Corner Rectangle (fifth option from the left).
With the rectangles still selected, drag one of the left center adjustment handles 1” to the left to lengthen all four rectangles.
With the rectangles still selected, on the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box, select 36, and in the Font Color list, under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).
With the rectangles still selected, on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Paragraph group, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher. In the Paragraph dialog box, under Indentation, do the following:
In the Before Text box, enter 1”.
In the Special list, select Hanging.
Next to the Special list, in the By box, enter 1”.
Select the SmartArt graphic, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click More Styles, and under 3-D select Polished Effect (first option from the left).
Select the first rectangle from the top (“First statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Red, Accent 2 (first row, sixth option from the left).
Select the second rectangle from the top (“Second statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, seventh option from the right).
Select the third rectangle from the top (“Third statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Purple, Accent 4 (first row, eighth option from the left).
Select the fourth rectangle from the top (“Fourth statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 6 (first row, tenth option from the left).
To reproduce the circles on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the four block shapes (the shapes on the left side) in the SmartArt graphic, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click the arrow to the right of Change Shape, and under Basic Shapes select Oval (first row, first option from the left).
On the slide, drag one of the top right adjustment handles to the left to change the ovals into circles and to decrease their size.
Also with the four circles selected, drag the circles until they cover the bullet on the rectangles, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Color list, under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 50% (sixth row, first option from the left).
Also on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Radial.
In the Direction list, select From Center (third option from the left).
Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:
Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:
In the Stop position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).
Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following:
In the Stop position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 2, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left).
To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation.
On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then in the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:
Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle select Fade.
With the SmartArt graphic still selected, click Add Effect, point to Motion Paths, and select Right.
On the slide, right-click the motion path and select Reverse Path Direction.
In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and select the two effects in the task pane. Click the arrow to the right of the selected effects and select Effect Options. In the Effects Options dialog box, do the following:
On the Timing tab, in the Speed list, select Fast.
On the SmartArt Animation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by one.
Click the double arrows under the two effects to show all the effects for all the shapes (16 effects).
Press and hold CTRL, select all of the effects, and then under Modify selected effects, in the Start list, select With Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, select the first, third, fifth, and seventh effects (fade entrance effects), and then do the following:
Click Change, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Grow & Turn.
Under Modify: Grow & Turn, in the Start list, select After Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, and select the ninth, 11th, 13th, and 15th effects (right motion paths). Click the arrow next to one of the selected effects, and then click Remove.
Drag the ninth effect (right motion path) until it is third in the list of effects.
Drag the 10th effect (right motion path), until it is sixth in the list of effects.
Drag the 11th effect (right motion path), until it is ninth in the list of effects.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left).
In the Stop position box, enter 33%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left).

15. 5 6 7 Common Tendencies in Asia (Part 2)
Two semester system and weeks of instruction per semester.
However, the majority are between weeks to teach per semester 5
More use of absolute grading than relative grading
However, grading policies vary from institution to institution and even from department to department 6
Two general patterns of academic calendar
However, academic calendar greatly varies from institution to institution and from nation to nation (See next chart)
Brunei Darussalam, China, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia. Laos, Singapore and Vietnam
Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Thailand 7
SmartArt custom animation effects: vertical block list
(Intermediate)
To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt. In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click List. In the List pane, click Vertical Block List (fourth row, third option from the left), and then click OK to insert the graphic into the slide.
To create a fourth row, do the following:
Select the third block shape (the shape on the left side) at the bottom of the graphic, under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click the arrow next to Add Shape, and select Add Shape After.
To add a bulleted rectangle next to the fourth block shape, select the fourth block shape, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click Add Bullet.
To enter numbers and text in the blocks and rectangles, select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text for each shape. (Note: In the example slide, the first-level text boxes contain “1,” “2,” “3,” and “4.” There should be only one second-level text box for each first-level box (delete the second bullet), and they contain “First statement,” “Second statement,” and so on.)
To reproduce the rectangle effects on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and then select each of the rectangles (on the right side of the graphic).
Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click the arrow to the right of Change Shape, and under Rectangles select Snip Diagonal Corner Rectangle (fifth option from the left).
With the rectangles still selected, drag one of the left center adjustment handles 1” to the left to lengthen all four rectangles.
With the rectangles still selected, on the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Size box, select 36, and in the Font Color list, under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).
With the rectangles still selected, on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Paragraph group, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher. In the Paragraph dialog box, under Indentation, do the following:
In the Before Text box, enter 1”.
In the Special list, select Hanging.
Next to the Special list, in the By box, enter 1”.
Select the SmartArt graphic, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArt Styles group, click More Styles, and under 3-D select Polished Effect (first option from the left).
Select the first rectangle from the top (“First statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Red, Accent 2 (first row, sixth option from the left).
Select the second rectangle from the top (“Second statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3 (first row, seventh option from the right).
Select the third rectangle from the top (“Third statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Purple, Accent 4 (first row, eighth option from the left).
Select the fourth rectangle from the top (“Fourth statement” in the example slide), and on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow to the right of Shape Fill, and under Theme Colors select Orange, Accent 6 (first row, tenth option from the left).
To reproduce the circles on this slide, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the four block shapes (the shapes on the left side) in the SmartArt graphic, and then under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shapes group, click the arrow to the right of Change Shape, and under Basic Shapes select Oval (first row, first option from the left).
On the slide, drag one of the top right adjustment handles to the left to change the ovals into circles and to decrease their size.
Also with the four circles selected, drag the circles until they cover the bullet on the rectangles, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, in the Font Color list, under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 50% (sixth row, first option from the left).
Also on the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Radial.
In the Direction list, select From Center (third option from the left).
Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:
Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:
In the Stop position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).
Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following:
In the Stop position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 2, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left).
To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click Custom Animation.
On the slide, select the SmartArt graphic, and then in the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:
Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle select Fade.
With the SmartArt graphic still selected, click Add Effect, point to Motion Paths, and select Right.
On the slide, right-click the motion path and select Reverse Path Direction.
In the Custom Animation task pane, do the following:
Press and hold CTRL, and select the two effects in the task pane. Click the arrow to the right of the selected effects and select Effect Options. In the Effects Options dialog box, do the following:
On the Timing tab, in the Speed list, select Fast.
On the SmartArt Animation tab, in the Group graphic list, select One by one.
Click the double arrows under the two effects to show all the effects for all the shapes (16 effects).
Press and hold CTRL, select all of the effects, and then under Modify selected effects, in the Start list, select With Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, select the first, third, fifth, and seventh effects (fade entrance effects), and then do the following:
Click Change, point to Entrance, and select More Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, select Grow & Turn.
Under Modify: Grow & Turn, in the Start list, select After Previous.
Press and hold CTRL, and select the ninth, 11th, 13th, and 15th effects (right motion paths). Click the arrow next to one of the selected effects, and then click Remove.
Drag the ninth effect (right motion path) until it is third in the list of effects.
Drag the 10th effect (right motion path), until it is sixth in the list of effects.
Drag the 11th effect (right motion path), until it is ninth in the list of effects.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:
Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left).
In the Stop position box, enter 33%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select White, Background 1, Darker 25% (fourth row, first option from the left).

16. A comparative chart of academic calendars in Asia
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Japan
South Korea
China
Indonesia
Laos
Vietnam
Brunei-Darussalam
Singapore
Thailand
The Philippines
Cambodia
Myanmar
Malaysia

17. Key Conditions for a New-UCTS
How should we count One UCTS ?
＊If we use a total # of credits/year (current UMAP method)
One Current UCTS = ECTS
(approx credits in a 4 year-Bachelor’s program)
＊If we use the concept of “student’s workload” (ECTS method),
One new UCTS credit = 1.5 or 1.6 ECTS
(if 38-48h of workload, (35-45 or 40-48h of workload)
including h of teaching) 17 17

18. 1. Proposal of New Definition on UCTS
A common framework of credit system among Asian and Pacific nations is;
One New UCTS≒38-48 hours of workload,
(including hours of teaching and hours of students’ additional workload for homework, lab, preparation for quizzes and exams, and writing a term paper, etc) 18 18

19. 2. Propose: one UCTS = 1.5/1.6 ECTS w/ workload
General Trends in Asia and Europe
ASIA
EUROPE
Total # of years for an undergraduate program
4 years
3 years
Total # of credits towards graduation
180 ECTS
Average # of credits per year
60 ECTS
Total hours of workload per year h h
Total hours of workload necessary for graduation** h h
Range of hours of (quasi-)student workload per credit
40-50 hours
25-30 hours
Proposed transfer scheme
1 credit
1.5/1.6 ECTS
Proposed workload of UCTS
38-48 hours
hours
**Total amounts of workload are somewhat similar even though Asian institutions require 4 years of study, while Europeans require 3 years. 19 19

20. Common Complains to use current UCTS
Too much extra work, especially in English
Very difficult to change curriculum and credit system
No one use it (takes long time to establish)
Professors have authority for credit transfer (no power of international office)

21. 1. Too much extra work, especially in English
Reaction to Complains (part 1)
1. Too much extra work, especially in English
If we accept a new definition of UCTS, all UMAP participating institutions will transfer credit one to one. It’s much simpler conversion than before.
2. Very difficult to change curriculum and credit system
You do not need to change any credit system. Just submit a UMAP pledge agreement to UMAP-IS and provide somewhat detailed information about your education to use this new definition of UCTS for student mobility in Asia and Pacific region.

22. 3. No one use it (takes long time to establish)
Reaction to Complains (part 2)
3. No one use it (takes long time to establish)
If each university starts sending information about their education under a new UCTS scheme, we can transfer credit one to one without sophisticated conversion
4. Professors have authority for credit transfer (no power of international office)
You do not need the approval of all professors. Your office can provide merely a UMAP study plan and UMAP academic records with a new UCTS concept for credit transfer for your student exchanges.

23. How does UCTS make exchanges easier?
UCTS will make transfer of foreign credits easier especially with new exchange partners
UCTS will improve your quality assurance to exchange partner institutions and students
UCTS will be useful for exchanges with European universities which use ECTS
P.34 23

24. THANK YOU Taiji Hotta, Ph.D Vice-Executive of International Affairs,
Associate Professor, Hiroshima University, Japan

25. Glossary ECTS: European Credit Transfer System
UCTS: UMAP Credit Transfer Scheme
ERASMUS: European Community Action Scheme
for the Mobility of University Students
UMAP: University Mobility in Asia and Pacific
USCO: UMAP Student Connection Online
AUN’s ACTS: ASEAN Credit Transfer System
AUN: ASEAN University Network
SEAMEO: Southeast Asian Ministers of Education
Organization