1. Factors of Production

3. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Factors of production
The productive resources used to produce goods and services.
Factors of production are grouped into four categories:
Land (Natural Resources)
Labor (Human Resources)
Capital
Entrepreneurship

4. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? Land
What Raw materials are needed to produce your product?
The “gifts of nature” that we use to produce goods and services. All the things we call natural resources.
Comes from the air, water, or the earth
Land, minerals, water
Renewable
Water, air growing things
Non-Renewable
Coal, oil

5. Factor 1: Natural Resources
Nature supplies raw materials necessary to make things
These raw materials are called Natural Resources
Example: Chicken noodle soup contains chicken meat, spices, water, and vegetables, all of which came from the nature

6. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? New reserves are constantly being discovered.
Figure 2.5 shows how long the known reserves of nonrenewable energy resources will last at the current growth rates of use.
New reserves are constantly being discovered.

7. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?

8. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? Labor
What will your employees have to do to create your product?
What work will need to be done to turn your raw material into your finished product
Work time and work effort that people devote to producing goods and services
People’s efforts, labor
Effort can be physical or mental

9. Factor 2: Human Labor
Human effort used to produce goods and services is called labor
Labor can be physical or mental
Example: to the soup, farmers raise the animals and crops, a truck driver drives them to a factory, and workers operate machinery to mix and can it (physical labor)
Someone has to design the machines, and think of a recipe for the soup (mental labor)

10. Oil Consumption by Country

11. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Figure 2.6 shows the U.S. labor force and how it has changed since 1980.

12. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?

13. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?

14. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? Capital
What equipment and people will you need to create your product
Physical capital: What tools, machines and factories will you needed to create your product
Financial capital: funds the firm use to buy physical capital
Human capital: What knowledge, skills, education and experience will your employees need to have in order to produce your product (for example: a seamstress , a chemist, a computer technician )
Goods made by people and used to produce other goods and services
Tools, instruments, machines, buildings, and other constructions that have been produced in the past and that businesses now use to produce goods and services.

15. Factor 3: Capital Resources
Producing goods and services requires tools and equipment
The buildings, machines, supplies, etc. used to produce are called capital resources, or capital goods
Examples: the truck used to drive to the factory, the machines used to can the soup, and the factory building itself

16. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?
Figure 2.7 shows measures of human capital and how they have changed since 1910.

17. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED? Entrepreneurship
The human resource that organized and combines labor, land, capital.
The quantity and quality of entrepreneurship is hard to describe and measure.
But we can easily recognize brilliant entrepreneurs by their enormous financial success.
Sam Walton (Wal-Mart), Bill Gates (Microsoft), and Michael Dell (Dell Computers) are examples of outstanding entrepreneur's.

18. Influences on Entrepreneurs Decision Making
Scarcity- Nearly all resources are scare, meaning there is a limited supply available to meet unlimited wants
The more scarce a resource, the more expensive it is.
Inverse Economic Relationship – when fruit is out of season, supply is more scarce –
This causes the price to increase because it is more valuable

19. Influences on Entrepreneurs Decision Making
Opportunity Cost – resources are scare, the choice to use a resource in one way means not using it in another.
Use a field to grow corn means the field cannot be used to grow soy beans

20. Influences on Entrepreneurs Decision Making
Productivity- is a measure of the amount of output produced by a given amount of inputs. It reflects how efficiently resources are being used.
This is also referred to as measuring the efficient use of the factors of production.
For example, the productivity of a farmer (labor) increases with the use of a tractor (capital).
Investing in human capital is one way to increase productivity

21. Influences on Entrepreneurs Decision Making
To realize a profit, produce good/service at a cost lower than the market price for the good or service.
Profit is the money left over from selling a good or service after the cost of buying productive resources have been paid.
Minimize the use of scarce resource in production
Maximize the productivity of the factors used in production to keep cost as low as possible.

22. Entrepreneurship: The 4th Factor
Making the other 3 factors of production into something useful often takes creativity and some risk
Entrepreneurship is the factor of production that ties the others together
Examples: Someone has to decide what to name the soup, where to sell it, and how much to charge

23. HOW ARE GOODS PRODUCED?

24. Some Things that Have Value:
Factors of Production
In order to study economic relationships, we need a sensible way to categorize the various things in our economic world. Take a look at this list of things that have value. Which of them would you place in the category of LABOR? Which are LAND? Which are CAPITAL? Are there some that don't fit in any of the three?
Some Things that Have Value:
   Food in a Restaurant   Oil in the Ground   Your Mom's old House, which you Rent to Tenants   Fish in the Ocean   Teaching   A Building Site   Food on your table   A $100 Bill
   A House You Live in   A Truck   A Broadcast Frequency   Ditch Digging   Computer Programming   A Certificate for Shares of Microsoft   Playing Music in the Subway

25. Did your chart come out like this?
LAND   Oil in the Ground   Fish in the Ocean   A Building Site   A Broadcast Frequency
LABOR   Teaching   Ditch Digging   Computer Programming   Playing Music in the Subway
WEALTH FOR CONSUMPTION   Food on your table   A House You Live in
WEALTH USED IN PRODUCTION   Food in a Restaurant   Your Mom's old House, which you Rent to Tenants   A Truck
CLAIMS ON WEALTH   A $100 Bill   A Certificate for 100 Shares of Microsoft