1. 1 Database Replication Using Generalized Snapshot Isolation Sameh Elnikety, EPFL Fernando Pedone, USI Willy Zwaenepoel, EPFL

2. 2 Snapshot Isolation (SI) Snapshot = committed state of database 1.On begin: –Snapshot(T) = latest snapshot at start(T) 2.On read or write operation: –T reads from and writes to its snapshot 3.On commit: –Read-only T commits immediately –Update T commits if no conflicting writes between its start & commit times

3. 3 Advantages of SI Read-only T’s never block or abort Read-only T’s never cause update T’s to block or abort Compare to 2PL –No read-locks are used in SI Important for read-dominated workloads

4. 4 Drawbacks of SI Not serializable –Permits certain anomalies But Anomalies are rare in practice Conditions on workload can identify and avoid them Developers use SI serializably

5. 5 Summary of SI SI is here to stay Used in several databases, e.g., –Oracle –PostgreSQL –Microsoft SQL Server ( 2PL & SI ) –Borland InterBase

6. 6 SI Replication Replicate SI to scale performance for dynamic content Web servers –E.g., E-commerce, bulletin boards Workload is suitable for SI –Read-only T’s dominate workload –Update T’s are short & few How to maintain SI properties?

7. 7 SI in Replicated Database 1.On begin: –Snapshot(T) = latest snapshot at start(T) 2.On read or write operation: –T reads from and writes to its snapshot 3.On commit: –Read-only T commits immediately –Update T commits if no conflicting writes between its start & commit times

8. 8 1.On begin: –Snapshot(T) = latest snapshot at start(T) 2.On read or write operation: –T reads from and writes to its snapshot 3.On commit: –Read-only T commits immediately –Update T commits if no conflicting writes between its start & commit times Strict SI in Replicated Database

9. 9 Generalized Snapshot Isolation (GSI) 1.On begin: –Snapshot(T) = (latest) older snapshot At replica, use latest local snapshot 2.On read or write operation: –T reads from and writes to its snapshot 3.On commit: –Read-only T commits immediately –Update T commits if no conflicting writes between its (start) snapshot & commit times

10. 10 Generalized Snapshot Isolation (GSI) 1.On begin: –Snapshot(T) = (latest) older snapshot At replica, use latest local snapshot 2.On read or write operation: –T reads from and writes to its snapshot 3.On commit: –Read-only T commits immediately –Update T commits if no conflicting writes between its (start) snapshot & commit times Certification for update T

11. 11 Advantages of GSI All T’s reads and writes are local –Important for replicated databases Read-only T’s never block or abort Read-only T’s never cause update T’s to block or abort –Important for read-dominated workloads

12. 12 A - GSI Serializability Not serializable –Permits certain anomalies as in SI But Anomalies are rare in practice Two serializability conditions (in the paper) –Static: examine transaction templates –Dynamic: at run time Easy to verify workload is serializable Easy to modify workload to be serializable

13. 13 A - GSI Serializability Not serializable –Permits certain anomalies as in SI But Anomalies are rare in practice Two serializability conditions (in the paper) –Static: examine transaction templates –Dynamic: at run time Easy to verify workload is serializable Easy to modify workload to be serializable Similar to what many Oracle DBA’s already do

14. 14 GSI uses older snapshots But Clear definition, always consistent data No new anomalies ( same as in SI ) In replicated database –Transparent: db appears as running SI –Efficient: reads are non-blocking –Staleness: can be bounded 1- On begin: Snapshot(T) = (latest) older snapshot B - GSI Older Snapshots

15. 15 3- On commit: - Read-only T commits immediately - Update T commits if no conflicting writes between its (start) snapshot & commit times C - GSI Abort Rates Potentially higher abort rate for updates But Abort rates are small in target workloads GSI Abort rates can be higher or lower Certification for update T

16. 16 GSI in Replicated Databases System consists of –Many SI replicas, full replication –Centralized certifier ( distributed in the paper ) A client connects to one replica –Issues read and update transactions Algorithm implements an instance GSI –Snapshot(T) = latest local snapshot at replica

17. 17 Algorithm at Replica 1.On begin: –Provide T with a local Snapshot –Record T.version = Snapshot.version 2.On read or write operation: –Run transaction (reads/writes) locally –Record T.writeset 3.On commit: –IF ( T is read-only ) THEN { commit } –ELSE { Invoke certification ( T.version, T.writeset )... }

18. 18 Algorithm at Certifier 1.Check for conflicting writes from committed T’s with larger version number 2. IF ( yes ) THEN { Reply ( abort ) } 3. ELSE { Advance certifier-version Record (writeset, certifier-version) to log Reply ( 1 - commit, 2 - certifier-version, 3 - “missing” writesets ) }

19. 19 Algorithm at Replica (cont.) 1.On begin:... 2.On read or write operation:... 3.On commit: –IF ( T is read-only ) THEN { commit } –ELSE { Invoke certification (T.version, T.writeset ) 1- Apply “missing” writesets 2- Commit locally 3- Advance local version }

20. 20 Performance Tradeoff GSI : SI GSI –better response time SI –“fresher” data (latest snapshot in the system) –lower abort rate for updates (?) Analytical performance model –Model used by Jim Gray –Replicated database over WAN

21. 21 Analytical Model GSI –Execute T immediately –Updates are certified remotely (communication) SI –Block T to obtain latest version (communication) –Updates are certified remotely (communication) Objective is to compare GSI : SI –Response time –Abort rate

22. 22 Analytical Equations Parameters x = round trip delay / transaction length Response time ratio (GSI : SI) Read-only update

23. 23 Analytical Equations Parameters x = round trip delay / transaction length t = snapshot age / transaction length Response time ratio (GSI : SI) Read-only update Abort rate ratio (GSI : SI) Read-only (never aborted!) update

24. 24 Analytical Results Parameters x = round trip delay / transaction length t = snapshot age / transaction length X-axis x = round trip delay / transaction length x = 0  centralized database x is increasing as technology advances Y-axis Response time ratio (for reads & updates) Abort ratio (updates)

25. 25 Response Time Ratio of GSI : SI. GSI is better

26. 26 Abort Ratio of GSI : SI for Updates. SI better GSI better Parameter t = ( snapshot age / transaction length )

27. 27. SI better GSI better Abort Ratio of GSI : SI for Updates Parameter t = ( snapshot age / transaction length ) t decreasing fresher snapshot

28. 28 GSI : SI - Summary GSI response times are better –Read-only T’s ratio : significantly better –Update T’s ratio : reaches ½ GSI abort rate –maybe higher or lower COST: observing older data in GSI Favorable trade-off –Distributed environments –Read-dominated workloads

29. 29 Conclusions GSI is appealing for replication –All T’s read & write operations are local –Read-only T’s never block or abort GSI can be made serializable Algorithm for GSI in replicated databases Analytical results are encouraging