1. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND

2. THE ENGLISH EXCEPTION  Successful centralization without absolutism  Strong, centralized government  Parliamentary, aristocratic control  Resolution of religious & political conflict through bloody civil war

3. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND 17 TH CENTURY TURMOIL  James I (r. 1601-1625)  Royal absolutist  Increasingly at odds with Parliament

4. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND 17 TH CENTURY TURMOIL  Charles I (r. 1625-1649)  Increasing demands for money to pay for wars  Increasing antagonism with Parliament

5. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND 17 TH CENTURY TURMOIL  Parliament’s increasing concerns  Many Puritan members  Resisted increasing authority of monarch  Resisted increasing taxation

6. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND 17 TH CENTURY TURMOIL  Charles I (r. 1625-1649)  Ruled without Parliament for 11 years  Imposed illegal taxes

7. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND 17 TH CENTURY TURMOIL  Scottish Rebellion - 1639  Charles needs money from Parliament  Forced into major concessions abolition of Star Chamber & High Commission

8. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND 17 TH CENTURY TURMOIL  Civil War -1642  King’s forces v. “Roundheads”  Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)  Cromwell’s forces defeated king’s, 1645

9. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND 17 TH CENTURY TURMOIL  King rallied in 1647, but defeated again in 1648  Cromwell pressed for execution of Charles I  Drove opposition out of Parliament  Executed Charles I, 1649

10. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND 17 TH CENTURY TURMOIL  Cromwell’s Republic  Problems in Ireland & Scotland  Opposition in England  Dissolved Parliament, 1653 & declared himself Lord Protector Cromwell subduing Irish revolt, 1649  Died in 1658, son becomes Lord Protector

11. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND THE RESTORATION  Charles II (r. 1660-1685)  Restored monarchy, Parliament, Anglican Church  Parliament passed far- reaching legislation  Sympathy for Catholics raised suspicions Test Act

12. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND CONTINUED TROUBLES  James II (r. 1685-1688)  Whigs: opposed king  Tories: supported king  James soon antagonized both groups

13. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN ENGLAND THE “ GLORIOUS REVOLUTION ”  Invite William of Orange & Mary to rule, on certain conditions  Bill of Rights - 1689  Toleration Act – 1698  United opposition to James II  Act of Settlement - 1701  Established rule of aristocracy WILLIAM & MARY (r. 1689-1702)