1. Touch – input mode

2. Overview Input mode is rapidly developing and becoming a popular method of naturalising user input Touch screens –Generally used for selection in situations where a mouse is impractical and buttons are unreliable Pen / stylus input –Used as touch screen but at higher resolution (or smaller screen) –Used for freeform input such as writing

3. Technologies There are currently four popular methods: –Resistive –Capacitive –Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) –Infra red

4. Resistive technology V=Voltage (Volts) –A difference in electrical potential I=Current (Amps) –A flow of electric charge which (by convention) flows from a higher to a lower voltage potential R=Resistance (Ohms) –Resists the flow of electric current I = V/R –Current flow proportional to Voltage and inversely proportional to resistance

5. Potential divider

6. Potentiometer V 2 is proportional to the position of the arrow. At the top V 2 =V and at the bottom V 2 =0

7. Resistive touch sensor Uses layers –back layer such as glass –a uniform resistive coating on the glass –a polyester coversheet, with the layers separated by tiny insulating spacers. When the screen is touched, the conductive coating on the coversheet connects with the coating on the glass.

8. Uses potentiometer principle Uniform PD on back plate, front plate used as probe to get voltage V 2 (X) Uniform PD on front plate, back plate used as probe to get voltage V 2 (Y) Use A to D converter for Cartesian coordinates

9. Properties Force activated so can use finger even with a glove, stylus or any other (non sharp) prodding device Contacts are make or break so not pressure sensitive Conductive coating reduces display brightness Continual flexing of outer layer causes microscopic cracks so affects linearity of resistance (other processes can overcome this) Tolerates dust/dirt, rain and insects

10. 5 wire solution Only the top resistive surface is flexed so only it cracks To overcome the loss of resistive linearity in the top layer, only use the top layer as a probe The bottom layer is used for X and Y detection Top layer still cracks but as it is only a probe, non-linearity is not a problem

11. Capacitive technology uniform conductive coating on a glass panel electrodes around the panel's edge distribute low voltage uniformly across the conductive layer creating a uniform electric field a finger touch draws current from each corner and the controller measures the ratio of the current flow from the corners and calculates the touch location

12. Properties More sensitive than resistive (just touch - no need to press) Must touch with a bare finger or conductive stylus Can be gasket sealed for outdoor operation Very durable Reduces display brightness Tolerates dust/dirt, rain and insects

13. Infrared technology Simplest of all –Row of infrared LEDs in Y plane and X plane –Row of IR detectors on opposite edges –Lack of detection on IR sensor indicates X,Y coordinate of the finger Lowest resolution –Beam spreads so sensors need to be wider apart the further the beam has to travel Lasers could solve this

14. Properties Hybrid of resistive and capacitive –Can operate with any object e.g. gloved finger as long as it is not smaller that the beam resolution –No need to press –Does not reduce display brightness –Intolerant to dust/dirt and rain –Very durable –Intolerant of insects on the screen

15. SAW technology Glass overlay with transmitting and receiving piezoelectric transducers on X and Y axis

16. Ultrasonic waves distributed across the surface of the glass by an array of reflectors

17. Surface wave directed into a receiver by more reflectors Strength of wave is dependant on to distance travelled

18. Finger or other ultrasonic energy absorber effectively reduces the vibration of the glass so the receiver picks up a weaker signal Same process is repeated for the Y direction Based on the timings of the weak signal, coordinates are calculated If more pressure is applied, more signal attenuation occurs so Z value is also measurable

19. Properties Screen glass is the touch sensor so no loss of picture brightness Location and pressure (X,Y & Z) Very resilient as just glass – no layer bonding Can not be gasket sealed Tolerates dust and dirt but not rain (no seal and rain will disrupt waves)

20. Benefits of touch screens Replaces keyboard and mouse Intuitive Soft keys – reconfigurable so only relevant options are displayed Very durable (but need careful choice of technology based on environment)

21. Applications Industrial control –Sealed units with no moving parts fair better than keyboard, push buttons, thumbwheels etc Industrial vehicles such as tractors Consumer –POS, ticketing, photo selection –Kiosks, advertising, information servers –Amusement machines, burning cigarettes and spilt drinks don’t ruin the input device…