1. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 7 Applications of Trigonometry and Vectors

2. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 7.1 Oblique Triangles and the Law of Sines 7.3 The Law of Cosines 7.4 Vectors, Operations, and the Dot Product 7.5Applications of Vectors Applications of Trigonometry and Vectors 7

3. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Oblique Triangles and the Law of Sines 7.1 Congruency and Oblique Triangles ▪ Derivation of the Law of Sines ▪ Solving SAA and ASA Triangles (Case 1) ▪ Area of a Triangle

4. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Solve triangle ABC if A = 28.8°, C = 102.6°, and c = 25.3 in. 7.1 Example 1 Using the Law of Sines to Solve a Triangle (SAA) (page 292)

5. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Use the Law of Sines to find the lengths of the missing sides. 7.1 Example 1 Using the Law of Sines to Solve a Triangle (SAA) (cont.)

6. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Kurt wishes to measure the distance across the Gasconade River. He determines that C = 117.2°, A = 28.8°, and b = 75.6 ft. Find the distance a across the river. 7.1 Example 2 Using the Law of Sines in an Application (ASA) (page 305)

7. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 7.1 Example 2 Using the Law of Sines in an Application (ASA) (cont.) Use the Law of Sines to find the length of side a. The distance across the river is about 65.1 ft.

8. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 The bearing of a lighthouse from a ship was found to be N 52° W. After the ship sailed 5.8 km due south, the new bearing was N 23° W. Find the distance between the ship and the lighthouse at each location. 7.1 Example 3 Using the Law of Sines in an Application (ASA) (page 293) Let x = the distance to the lighthouse at bearing N 52° W and y = the distance to the lighthouse at bearing N 23° W.

9. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 7.1 Example 3 Using the Law of Sines in an Application (ASA) (cont.) The lighthouse is located at Z, and the ship is first located at Y and then at X.

10. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 7.1 Example 3 Using the Law of Sines in an Application (ASA) (cont.) The distance between the ship and the second location is about 9.4 km. The distance between the ship and the first location is about 4.7 km.

11. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 7.1 Example 4 Finding the Area of a Triangle (SAS) (page 294) Find the area of triangle DEF in the figure.

12. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 7.1 Example 5 Finding the Area of a Triangle (ASA) (page 294) Find the area of triangle ABC if B = 58°10′, a = 32.5 cm, and C = 73°30′. We must find AC (side b) or AB (side c) in order to find the area of the triangle.

13. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 7.1 Example 5 Finding the Area of a Triangle (ASA) (cont.)

14. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 7.1 Example 5 Finding the Area of a Triangle (ASA) (cont.) 37.0 cm 48°20′

15. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 The Law of Cosines 7.3 Derivation of the Law of Cosines ▪ Solving SAS and SSS Triangles (Cases 3 and 4) ▪ Heron’s Formula for the Area of a Triangle ▪ Derivation of Heron’s Formula

16. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Two boats leave a harbor at the same time, traveling on courses that make an angle of 82°20′ between them. When the slower boat has traveled 62.5 km, the faster one has traveled 79.4 km. At that time, what is the distance between the boats? 7.3 Example 1 Using the Law of Cosines in an Application (SAS) (page 308) The harbor is at C. The slower boat is at A, and the faster boat is at B. We are seeking the length of AB.

17. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Use the law of cosines because we know the lengths of two sides of the triangle and the measure of the included angle. 7.3 Example 1 Using the Law of Cosines in an Application (SAS) (cont.) The two boats are about 94.3 km apart.

18. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Solve triangle ABC if B = 73.5°, a = 28.2 ft, and c = 46.7 ft. 7.3 Example 2 Using the Law of Cosines to Solve a Triangle (SAS) (page 308) Use the law of cosines to find b because we know the lengths of two sides of the triangle and the measure of the included angle.

19. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 7.3 Example 2 Using the Law of Cosines to Solve a Triangle (SAS) (cont.) 47.2 ft Now use the law of sines to find the measure of another angle.

20. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Solve triangle ABC if a = 25.4 cm, b = 42.8 cm, and c = 59.3 cm. 7.3 Example 3 Using the Law of Cosines to Solve a Triangle (SSS) (page 309) Use the law of cosines to find the measure of the largest angle, C.

21. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Use either the law of sines or the law of cosines to find the measure of angle B. 7.3 Example 3 Using the Law of Cosines to Solve a Triangle (SSS) (cont.) 118.6 °

22. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Alternative: 7.3 Example 3 Using the Law of Cosines to Solve a Triangle (SSS) (cont.) 118.6 °

23. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 7.3 Example 4 Designing a Roof Truss (SSS) (page 309) Find the measure of angle C in the figure.

24. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 7.3 Example 5 Using Heron’s Formula to Find an Area (SSS) (page 311) The distance “as the crow flies” from Chicago to St. Louis is 262 mi, from St. Louis to New Orleans is 599 mi, and from New Orleans to Chicago is 834 mi. What is the area of the triangular region having these three cities as vertices? The semiperimeter s is

25. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 7.3 Example 5 Using Heron’s Formula to Find an Area (SSS) (page 311) The area of the triangular region is about 40,800 mi 2.

26. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Vectors, Operations, and the Dot Product 7.4 Basic Terminology ▪ Algebraic Interpretation of Vectors ▪ Operations with Vectors ▪ Dot Product and the Angle Between Vectors

27. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Find the magnitude and direction angle for 7.4 Example 1 Finding Magnitude and Direction Angle (page 322) Magnitude: Direction angle:

28. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Graphing calculator solution 7.4 Example 1 Finding Magnitude and Direction Angle (cont.)

29. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 Vector v has magnitude 14.5 and direction angle 220°. Find the horizontal and vertical components. 7.4 Example 2 Finding Horizontal and Vertical Components (page 323) Horizontal component: –11.1 Vertical component: –9.3

30. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Graphing calculator solution 7.4 Example 2 Finding Horizontal and Vertical Components (cont.)

31. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Write each vector in the form a, b. 7.4 Example 3 Writing Vectors in the Form a, b (page 323) u: magnitude 8, direction angle 135° v: magnitude 4, direction angle 270° w: magnitude 10, direction angle 340°

32. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Two forces of 32 and 48 newtons act on a point in the plane. If the angle between the forces is 76°, find the magnitude of the resultant vector. 7.4 Example 4 Finding the Magnitude of a Resultant (page 324) because the adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary. Law of cosines Find square root.

33. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 33 Let u = 6, –3 and v = –14, 8. Find the following. 7.4 Example 5 Performing Vector Operations (page 324)

34. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 u = 6, –3, v = –14, 8 7.4 Example 5 Performing Vector Operations (cont.) Graphing calculator solution

35. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 35 Applications of Vectors 7.5 The Equilibrant ▪ Incline Applications ▪ Navigation Applications

36. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Find the magnitude of the equilibrant of forces of 54 newtons and 42 newtons acting on a point A, if the angle between the forces is 98°. Then find the angle between the equilibrant and the 42-newton force. 7.5 Example 1 Finding Magnitude and Direction of an Equilibrant (page 332) The equilibrant is –v.

37. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 37 7.5 Example 1 Finding Magnitude and Direction of an Equilibrant (cont.) The magnitude of –v is the same as the magnitude of v. Law of cosines

38. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 38 7.5 Example 1 Finding Magnitude and Direction of an Equilibrant (cont.) The required angle, α, can be found by subtracting the measure of angle CAB from 180°. Use the law of sines to find the measure of angle CAB.

39. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 39 Find the force required to keep a 2500-lb car parked on a hill that makes a 12° angle with the horizontal. 7.5 Example 2 Finding a Required Force (page 332) The vertical force BA represents the force of gravity. BA = BC + (–AC)

40. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 40 7.5 Example 2 Finding a Required Force (cont.) Vector BC represents the force with which the weight pushes against the hill. Vector BF represents the force that would pull the car up the hill. Since vectors BF and AC are equal, gives the magnitude of the required force.

41. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 41 7.5 Example 2 Finding a Required Force (cont.) Vectors BF and AC are parallel, so the measure of angle EBD equals the measure of angle A. Since angle BDE and angle C are right angles, triangles CBA and DEB have two corresponding angles that are equal and, thus, are similar triangles. Therefore, the measure of angle ABC equals the measure of angle E, which is 12°.

42. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 42 7.5 Example 2 Finding a Required Force (cont.) From right triangle ABC, A force of approximately 520 lb will keep the car parked on the hill.

43. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 43 A force of 18.0 lb is required to hold a 74.0-lb crate on a ramp. What angle does the ramp make with the horizontal? 7.5 Example 3 Finding an Incline Angle (page 333) Vector BF represents the force required to hold the crate on the incline. In right triangle ABC, the measure of angle B equals θ, the magnitude of vector BA represents the weight of the crate, and vector AC equals vector BF.

44. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 44 7.5 Example 3 Finding an Incline Angle (cont.) The ramp makes an angle of about 14.1° with the horizontal.

45. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 45 A ship leaves port on a bearing of 25.0° and travels 61.4 km. The ship then turns due east and travels 84.6 km. How far is the ship from port? What is its bearing from port? 7.5 Example 4 Applying Vectors to a Navigation Problem (page 333) Vectors PA and AE represent the ship’s path. We are seeking the magnitude and bearing of PE.

46. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 46 Triangle PNA is a right triangle, so the measure of angle NAP = 90° − 25.0° = 65.0°. 7.5 Example 4 Applying Vectors to a Navigation Problem (cont.) The measure of angle PAE = 180° − 65.0 = 115.0°. Law of cosines The ship is about 124 km from port.

47. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 47 To find the bearing of the ship from port, first find the measure of angle APE. 7.5 Example 4 Applying Vectors to a Navigation Problem (cont.) Law of sines Now add 38.3° to 25.0° to find that the bearing is 63.3°.

48. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 48 A small plane follows a bearing of 70° at an airspeed of 230 mph and encounters a wind blowing at 25.0 mph from a direction of 290°. Find the resulting bearing and ground speed of the plane. 7.5 Example 5 Applying Vectors to a Navigation Problem (page 334)

49. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 49 7.5 Example 5 Applying Vectors to a Navigation Problem (cont.) Use the law of cosines to find AC = |b|

50. Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. 50 7.5 Example 5 Applying Vectors to a Navigation Problem (cont.) The bearing is about 70° + 4° = 74°. The groundspeed is about 250 mph and the bearing is about 74 degrees. Use the law of sines to find α, and then determine the bearing, 70° + α.