1. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION Hydrocarbons for Domestic Appliances Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Süss suess@danfoss.com VP R&D Brussels, October 2009

2. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION What is Danfoss?

3. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION Hydrocarbons (HCs) Primarily Isobutane R600a - domestic Safe, approved state of the art technology Environmentally benign refrigerant Energy efficient solution Viable and cost competitive technology Running mass production Focus on component evolution Over 350 million units globally since 1993 Extended global technology penetration in process  Final refrigerant/application combination Short term technology changes are not expected Component supplier concentrates on component development OEM focuses on continuous appliance enhancement

4. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION The Global Warming focus …

5. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION GHG emissions of the refrigeration industry Energy use for system operation “Indirect Emissions” Refrigerant leakage/release “Direct Emissions” Mobile Air Conditioning (HFC) Commercial Refrigeration (Supermarket DX HFC) Unitary Air Condition/Heat Pump(HFC) Commercial Air Condition (HFC) Light Commercial Appliance SME (HFC) Water Chiller (HFC) Domestic Refrigerator (HFC) Domestic Refrigerator (HC) MAC DIRECTIVE 2006/40/EC

6. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION How to cool right? Reverse Rankine Stirling Magneto caloric refrigeration Vortex tube Joule process Peltier Steam ejector Absorption Adsorption ………. The traditional compression process offers the best value proposition for HVAC&R industry But which refrigerants and technologies should be use for greatest sustainability?

7. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION Physical properties 1.Environmentally benign (Low GWP, no ODP, biodegradable) 2.Vapor pressure curve (reasonable pressures for application) 3.Low viscosity 4.Distinct miscibility with lubricants 5.Good water solubility 6.High electrical breakdown resistance Chemical properties 1.High chemical stability 2.Low flammability  3.High chemical indifference Physiological properties 1.No toxicity 2.noticeable smell Economical properties 1.High energetic coefficient of performance 2.Volumetric refrigeration capacity 3.Circulating refrigerant mass 4.Availability 5.Cost How do HCs as refrigerants??? Hydro- carbons

8. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION Refrigerants options … only 8 elements are really suitable for refrigerant molecules more flammable more toxic

9. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION Ozone Depletion and Global Warming R404A R600a, NH 3, air… Montreal Protocol (in force) Kyoto Protocol (wherever we choose to go…)

10. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION Where are HCs applied already today? (Besides Domestic applications) Bottle coolers Glass door merchandisers 1 door 2 door - to large extend Ice cream freezers/chest freezers Commercial refrigerators and freezers 600 liters and above …any self-contained system with up to 150 g of refrigerant charge …and Industrial Refrigeration – Petrochemical Industry simple rule of thumb: 1 g HC has the same refrigeration capacity as 2 g HFC

11. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION How to push HCs further?  More refrigeration capacity out of less refrigerant mass in more energy efficient and safe systems… Liability: 1.Eliminate in a responsible way liability barriers Technology: 1.Apply minimal refrigerant charge technologies 2.Set highest system efficiency standard based on HC technology 3.Enhance safe (and efficient) operation by adding intelligence/electronics to systems

12. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION The refrigeration application map Cooling capacity Evaporation temperature domestic refrigeration stationary AC heat pumps light commercial refrigeration commercial refrigeration industrial refrigeration mobile AC Approved application of HCs Technical feasibility proven- market acceptance pending Longer term

13. REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION The Danfoss’ way to reduce GHG emissions Develop low charge and low leakage solutions Enhance significantly the system’s energy efficiency e.g. by applying variable speed and enhancing component intelligence as well as Ease of Use concepts … Support the application of low GWP (natural) refrigerants where commercially viable and technical feasible Nobody wants to save energy, but everybody wants to save/make money