1. Musculo- Skeletal System and Disorders By: Gabby, Valerie, Stephanie, Jamaeya, Deja

2. The Musculo- Skeletal System What does it do? Provides the framework for the body Protects the body Lets the body move |Musculo- Muscle| |Skeletal- Bones|

3. Bones The human body has 206 bones There are four types of bones: 1.Long Bones- bear the body’s weight (Example- Leg bones) 2.Short Bones- allow skill and ease in movement (Example- Wrists, fingers, ankles, and toes) 3.Flat Bones- protect the organs (Example- Ribs, skull, pelvic bones)

4. Bones 4.Irregular Bones: – the vertebrae in the spinal column – They allow various degrees of movement and flexibility Bones are rigid and hard and are made up of cells – Calcium and Phosphorous are needed for bone strength Bones are covered by a membrane called periosteum. The Periosteum contains blood vessels that supply bone cells with oxygen and food. Inside the hollow centers of the bones is a substance called bone marrow. Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.

5. Joints A joint is the point at which two or more bones meet. Joints allow movement. Cartilage is the connective tissue at the end of the long bones. It cushions the joint so that the bone ends do not rub together. It secretes synovial fluid. Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant so the joint can move smoothly. Bones are held together at the joint by strong bands of connective tissue call ligaments.

6. Joints Three major types of joints: 1.Ball and socket joint allows movement in all directions. It is made up of the rounded end of one bone and the hollow end of another bone (Example- hips and shoulders) 2.Hinge joint allows movement in one direction. (Example- the elbow) 3.Pivot joint allows turning side to side. (Example- a pivot joint connects the skull to the spine) Some joints, like the ones that connect the bones in the skull, are immovable.

7. Muscles The body has more than 500 muscles. They can be either voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary muscles can be consciously controlled. Muscles attached to bones (skeletal muscles) are voluntary, they don’t move usually unless you move them (Example- Arm and leg muscles) – Skeletal muscles are striated (look striped or streaked). Involuntary muscles work automatically (Example- intestines and blood vessels) – Involuntary muscles are smooth muscles and don’t look striped or streaked – The Cardiac muscle (the heart) is an involuntary muscle, but is striated.

8. Muscles Muscles have three functions: 1.Movement of body parts 2.Maintenance of posture or muscle tone 3.Production of body heat Strong, tough connective tissues called tendons connect muscles to bones. Sphincters are circular bands of muscle fibers. They constrict (narrow) a passage. Or, they close a natural body opening.

9. Muscles and Sphincters Sphincter examples: – Pyloric Sphincter opening from stomach to the small intestine – Anal Sphincter keeps anus closed and opens for BMs – Urethral Sphincter seals off the bladder and only opens for urination

10. Disorders

11. Arthritis Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease) – Most common type of arthritis – Caused by aging, being overweight, and joint injury – Common S/S are joint stiffness, joint pain, and joint swelling or tenderness – No cure- treatment includes pain relief, heat and cold, exercise, rest and joint care, weight control, and a healthy life-style. |arthr- joint| |itis- Inflammation of|

12. Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function – More common in women than in men – Found in ages 20 through 50 – Joint on wrists and both sides of the finger joints of the body are commonly affected – To relieve pain and inflammation use heat/cold applications, live a healthy life style, rest balance with exercise, and weight control – Joints are affected on both sides of the body; if the left wrist affected, so is the right. RA is different for everyone, some people have flare- ups and some have it all the time.

13. Total Joint Replacement Surgery Arthroplasty is the surgical replacement (plasty) of a joint (arthro). The damaged joint is removed and replaced with an artificial joint prosthesis. (Most common replacements are knee and hip replacements.) Surgery is usually done to relieve pain, restore joint function, or correct a deformed joint.

14. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is the bone (osteo) being porous and brittle (porosis) The bones are fragile and break easily. Spine, hip, wrist, and rib fractures are common. Fractures are the greatest risk S/S are back pain, gradual loss of height, and stooped posture Prevention is important! Calcium and estrogen are often ordered lacking in patients with osteo.

15. Fracture A fracture is a broken bone. Tissues around the fracture—muscles, blood vessels, nerves, tendons—are injured. The person with the fracture will feel pain, have limited movement, loss of function, bleeding, bruising, and deformity of the body part. Fractures are open or closed. Open fracture (Compound fracture). The broken bone has come through the skin. Closed fracture (Simple fracture). The bone is broken but the skin is intact.

16. Fracture For healing, bone ends are brought into and held in normal position. This is called reduction and fixation. Closed reduction and external fixation- the bone is moved back into place. The bone is not exposed. Open reduction and internal fixation- this requires surgery. The bone is exposed and moved into alignment. Nails, rods, pins, screws, plates, or wires keep the bone in place.

17. Casts and Traction Casts are made of plaster of Paris, plastic, or fiberglass. Before casting, the part is protected with stockinette or cotton padding. If you see anything wrong or the patient complains of discomfort, tell the nurse immediately. Hip fractures are common in older persons. Some fractures require partial or total hip replacement. Devices are used to prevent adduction, internal and external rotation, and severe hip flexion Amputation is the removal of all or part of an extremity. The amputation affects s the person’s life. Body image, appearance, and daily activities are affected. The person may feel that the limb is still there aching, tingling, and itching are common sensations. Or the person complains of pain in the amputated part (phantom pain).

18. Casts and Traction Care for person in traction- Keep person in good alignment Check and report frayed rope Do not remove the traction Keep weights hanging freely (not on floor) Do not add or remove weights Provide fracture pan for elimination Make the bed from the head of the bed to the foot of the bed Notice the weights, pulleys, and ropes.

19. Arthritis in Young People Video