1. EMOTION HOW DO THE PIECES FIT TOGETHER? Commonly recognized emotions: Joy Sorrow Love Fear Hate AROUSAL BEHAVIOR THOUGHTS FEELINGS

2. DEFINING EMOTION  Emotion  Relatively brief episode of synchronized evaluative physiological, behavioral, and subjective responses  Distinguished from:  Feeling – subjective experience associated with an emotion  Mood – emotional state that is general and extended in time  Emotion functions to:  Regulate arousal  Increase or Decrease  Direct perception and attention  Influence learning and memory  Organize and motivate behavior  Communicate with others

3. EMOTIONAL RESPONSE  Mixture of :  Physiological arousal  Heart pounding  Expressive behavior  Turning steering wheel  Conscious thought  Oncoming car is in wrong lane  Feeling  Sense of fear  James-Lange Theory  William James & Carl Lange  Physiological response comes first  As we observe response, we experience emotion Arousal (heart pounding) Fear (emotion) Smile Happy

4. THEORIES OF EMOTION  Cannon-Bard Theory  Walter Cannon & Philip Bard  Body’s responses not distinct enough to result in different emotions  Does racing heart signal fear, anger, or love?  Physiological arousal and emotion triggered simultaneously  Stimulus routed to brain’s cortex and sympathetic nervous system simultaneously  Heart begins pounding as you experience fear Arousal (pounding heart) Fear (emotion)

5. THEORIES OF EMOTION  Singer-Schachter’s Two Factor Theory  Jerome Singer & Stanley Schacter  Physiology and cognitions (perceptions, memories, etc.) create emotion  Emotion is result of physical arousal and cognitive label  Emotional experience requires conscious interpretation of arousal Arousal (pounding heart) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion)

6. EXAMPLE  Christine is holding her 8-month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby’s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, then notices that her heart is banging in her chest and she’s broken out in a cold sweat.  How would this experience be explained by each of the following theories? James-LangeCannon-BardTwo-factor theory

9. SIX BASIC EMOTIONS EMOTIONFACIAL DESCRIPTION ANGER Lowering eyebrows, tightening and narrowing lips, glaring eyes, tightening lower eyelids HAPPINESS Smiling, or pulling up the corners of the mouth and contracting the large orbital muscles around eyes SADNESS Lowering of mouth corners, raise inner portion of brows SURPRISE Brows arch, eyes open wide to expose more white, jaw drops slightly FEAR Brows raised, eyes open, mouth opens slightly DISGUST Brows lowered, lips pressed firmly, nose wrinkled

10. SIX BASIC EMOTIONS

11. MOTIVATION What motivates us?

12. BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATIONS  Some things are instinctual  Behavior that is patterned throughout a species, and is unlearned  William James – humans have instincts such as cleanliness, curiosity, and sympathy  Instincts label behavior – does not explain

13. DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY  “Pushed” by a need  Physiological need creates aroused state  Drive to reduce need  Physiological need leads to psychological need  “Pulled” by an incentive  Positive or negative stimuli may lure or repel us  Importance of homeostasis

14. COGNITIVE THEORY WHY DO WE ENGAGE IN CERTAIN ACTIVITIES?  Intrinsic motivation  Personally rewarding  Fulfills beliefs or expectations  Example:  Study for hours to get a good grades because you want to be a good student  Extrinsic motivation  Reduce biological needs  Obtain incentives or external rewards  Example:  Study for hours to get a good grades to get money/car

15. HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES Abraham Maslow

16. Process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

17. MYTHS ABOUT STRESS  Myth 1 – Stress is the same for everybody  Myth2 – Stress is always bad for you  Myth 3 – Stress is everywhere, so you can’t do anything about it  Myth 4 – No symptoms, no stress  Myth 5- Only major symptoms of stress require attention

18. STRESS APPRAISAL Stressful event (Tough math test) Threat (“Yikes!!!”) Challenge (“I’ve got this”) Stressed to distraction Aroused, focused

19. STRESS RESPONSE Fight or Flight  Appraise situation as physically or psychologically threatening  Sympathetic Nervous System goes into action  Heart rate and respiration increase  Blood pressure increases  Blood sugar levels increase  Excitatory hormones secreted (epinephrine and norepinephrine)  Muscles tense

20. STRESS RESPONSE General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)  3 stages in body’s stress reaction  Alarm  Body mobilizes fight or flight defenses  Become alert and extra sensitive to surroundings  Resistance  Person finds means to cope with stressor  May experience some psychosomatic symptoms  Exhaustion  Result of prolonged exposure to stressor  Adrenal and other glands are taxed to limit  Disorientation, delusions, collapse

22. REACTIONS TO STRESS  Personality Differences  Type A  Impatient, angry, irritable, competitive, overbearing  Type B  Patient, relaxed, do not become easily angered  Perceived Control Over Stress  We prefer predictable stress to unpredictable stress  Social Support  Emotional  Concerned listening  Appraisal  Understanding, Sorting, Planning  Informational  Evaluate response to stressor  Instrumental  Money, spare room

23. COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused copingEmotion-focused coping  Addressing stressors directly  Used when we feel a sense of control over a situation and think we can change the circumstances or change ourselves  Trying to reduce the negative emotional responses associated with stress  Embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement, or frustration  Used when we cannot, or believe we cannot, change a situation  Source of stress is outside person’s control

24. COPING STRATEGIES  Planning, information seeking  Suppression of competing activities  Seeking social support  Acceptance  Turning to religion  Venting of emotions  Denial  Humor  Adjusting expectations  Staying busy to take your mind off an issue  Ignoring problem in hopes that it will go away  Exercise  Get plenty of sleep  Eat healthy, well-balanced meals  Taking control  Evaluating pros and cons  Relaxation