1. Realism, Regionalism, Naturalism 1850-1914 Tough times all over…

2. Division, Reconciliation, and Expansion (1850-1914) Division… North vs South women vs men Reconciliation… post-Civil War Expansion… Westward expansion

3. Does this make any sense?? Westward expansion was boosted by _completion__. What’s the matter with the sentence above?

4. 1805-1914 was a time of _change/transformation_ for the U.S. America changed from a mostly _agricultural___ nation to the _modern__ __industrial___ nation we know today. Historical Background Prelude to __War___________ The North and South had developed along _very__ _different___ lines. The __Industrial__ _Revolution___ and cheap _transportation__ had helped turn northern towns into centers of bustling activity. __Immigration__, too, was changing the face of the North. The South was a __slower___ paced region of _plantations__ and small _farms___. The one issue that affected the South was __slavery__________.

5. Slavery

7. List four to six events that took slavery from an issue of disagreement to a cause for war: 1. Fugitive Slave Act 1850 2. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin published 1852 4. John Brown’s raid on arsenal at Harper’s Ferry 1859 5. Lincoln’s election 1860 6. South Carolina and 5 other states secede 1861 The Union is Dissolved People along both sides anticipated a _short__ war _ending__ in __victory___. The war lasted ___4_ long years, with _many/over 1 million___ casualties; the South lay in _ruins_____.

8. Civil War 1861-1864

9. An _Expanding_____ America _Change____ characterized the years following the Civil War. The _Homestead__ __Act (1862)__ shifted westward movement into high gear. Half a million farmers, including tens of thousands of _freed__ _African____ _Americans___ claimed land in the West. _Miners___ went west by the thousands, lured by _gold_____. Westward expansion was boosted by _railroads____. The Disappearing __Frontier_______ The frontier may have _disappeared___, but its legacy lived on in a rich western __folk____ _tradition______.

10. Westward expansion

12. A Changing American Society With _electricity_____ in the 1880’s, the second Industrial Revolution began in earnest. List three positive aspects and four negative aspects of city life: 1.public transportation1. dirty, polluted cities 2.department stores2. disease 3.electric lights3. crowding/traffic jams 4. noise

13. Industrial Revolution

14. Industrial and urban growth was also fueled by _immigration__. In the last twenty years of the 19 th century, U.S. population went from _50mil__ to _76mil_. Urban/city population growth came from both _Europe/immigration___ and people moving from _rural__ _southern__ _towns__. This influx provided _cheap_ __labor___ for industry.

15. Industrial Revolution

16. Describe (with two specifics) an industrial worker’s financial situation: Even with adults working, they couldn’t afford more than a tiny apartment; often children had to go to work to help financially Small, dark, unventilated apartments led to rampant disease

17. Industrial Revolution

18. The owners of industrial corporations, in contrast to their employees, made _fortunes___ and lived like _kings___. Because the nation’s prosperity was not benefiting the majority of the people, _discontentment__ grew. _Women__, _African_ _Americans___, and __workers___ sought changes in their social, _economic___ and _political___ status. Women still did not have _voting___ rights, and African Americans were not much better off in 1914 than they were in 1850, despite __emancipation__.

19. Poverty

20. Women’s Rights

21. Literature of the Period Oh, _Freedom_____! One of the great black abolitionist leaders was _Frederick Douglass_. After escaping slavery, he became a persuasive _orator____ against _slavery___. Wartime Voices The primary record of personal experiences of the war is from _diaries__, _letters__, _journals___ and _speeches____. Frontier _Voices_______ As America expanded _westward__, so did _America’s _ _literature_. During this time a number of writers represented the __West_______ for the first time. List three authors who wrote about the frontier: 1. Bret Harte 2. Willa Cather 3. Mark Twain

22. Realism and _Naturalism_____ The _harsh____ _reality_____ of frontier life, coupled with artists’ reactions to the Civil War gave rise to a new _movement_____ in American literature called _Realism__. _Realism___ in literature began __after___ the Civil War. The war’s enormous cost in human life shattered the nation’s _idealism/innocence__. Turning away from Romanticism (the writing style before the war), writers began to focus on portraying _real___ _life___ as _ordinary___ __people__ lived it. They attempted to show characters and events in an _honest____, _objective____, almost factual way.

23. An important literary offshoot of Realism was _Naturalism____. Naturalist authors also depicted real people in real situations, but they believed _forces__ _larger__ _than_ _the____ _individual______ shaped people’s individual destiny. _Jack___ _London____ set much of his fiction in Alaska where the environment was _cruel___ and _unforgiving____. If these writers’ reality seemed always to be a harsh one, it was because _hardship____ influenced their art. The _war___, the frontier, and increasingly _cities_____ were harsh places in reality that influenced the writers of the time.

27. Literature of _Discontent_______ The social problems that grew out of _industrialization__ were exposed by many talented authors. Kate Chopin wrote about __women’s____ desire for _equality____ and __independence____. Naturalists saw _industrialization___ as a force against which individuals were _powerless____. By 1914 America had grown up and American _literature___ had, too. The Civil War, the closing of the frontier, and _industrialization____ brought about a _loss____ of _innocence____, a shift from _idealism____ to _pragmatism_____ in the American character. American writers reflected this change in rejecting _Romanticism___ and __embracing____ Realism.

28. Romanticism (previous time period)

29. Realism, etc.